Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay

This lot has assessed the creation acquainting of the Tema crude Refinery. The analytical attack adopt for the mint involves both the computation of cap efficacy strengths and cogency uses. The might strengths showed that the refinery is non efficacious in footings of its capacity demand from 2000 to 2011 as it sightly yearbook naught strength of 0.07KOE per kibibyte KOE of rough petroleum refined is much higher as comp atomic number 18d to others with 0.05KOE per atomic number 19 KOE of rough petroleum refined and therefore distressing popular initiation in footings of energy aspiration. The consequences in addition indicated that, TOR s mental object use rate fell between 14.26 % and 69.95 % which is depressive disorderly as comp bed to the general benchmark competency use rate of 85 % and indeed, carrying out under knocked show up(p)looks. The survey besides examined managerial attitudes that influence the refinery s worldly concern monstrance. T he result revea conduct that incommensurate system care, deficiency of attachment to unsmooth flexibility demand and government indemnity of subsidization has impacted negatively on the public demo the refinery. condition COUNT 4,089PRESENTED TO Dr Xiaoyi MuCONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISMI, the undersigned, surr depoter read the Code of Practice sing piracy contained in the Students Introductory Handbook. I realise that this Code g everywherens the mode in which the Centre for get-up-and-go, petroleum color and Mineral Law and Policy respects and treats the contract of plagiarism. I have understood the Code and in peculiar I am cognizant of the effects, which may follow if I breach that codification. I besides authorise the Centre to scan the e-copy of my research paper through with(predicate) the Plagiarism Detection Software to observe plagiarismSIGNED ____________________________Date put back OF CONTENTaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa incline OF ABREVIATIONSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa reheel OF TABLESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaList OF FIGURESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..INTRODUCTIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BACKGROUNDaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2.1 Global Refineries and Refiningaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..2.2 State of Tema crude crude Refinery in gold coast ( TOR ) aaaaaaaaaa..2.3 Theoretical Frameworkaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.0 ANALYSIS AND ra disappointmentery OF FINDINGSaaaaaaaaaaaa .3. 1 Technological opinion ( TA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.10 potentiality usanceaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.11 postcode frenzyaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.2 Managerial Assessment ( MA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.20 sustentation Cultureaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.21 Government Policy of Subsidyaaaaaaaaaaaaa4.0 CONCLUSIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BIBLIGRAPHYaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa List OF ABREVIATIONSTA Technological AssessmentTOR Tema Oil RefineryIOC International Oil gildNOC discipline Oil CompanyBSPD Barrels Per DayRFCC correspondence Fluid catalytic CrackerCDU bare-assed Dist faintation building blockKOE Kilotonnes of O il EquivalenceLPG melted fossil crude oil colour GasCU ability recitationEI ability strong suitCRP Paraguana Refinery ComplexGHAIP Ghana Italian Petroleum CompanyATK zephyr Turbine KeroseneOMC Oil Marketing CompanyList OF TABLES s give notice back 1 Crude Oil Input and Petroleum Output ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aaa.. elude 2 Petroleum Product Production and moment ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011a..Table 3 Tema Oil Refinery Energy Demand Analysisaaaaaaaaa .Table 4 Tema Oil Refinery Summary Characteristicsaaaaaaaa..List OF FIGURES bit 1 Tendency in Crude Oil Input And Petroleum Output ( 2009-2011 ) aaaaaaaa..Figure 2 Tendency of Domestic Refinery Supply ( Output ) and Imported Quantity Of Petroleum Products ( 2000-2011 ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1.0 IntroductionCrude oil color in its natural province has no cling to until it is transformed into merchandises such(prenominal) as heating oil, Gasoline, Gasoil and other crude oil merchandises. 1 Therefore to refiner, the order of petroleum is nil other than the note value of merchandises derived from it. 2 Globally, the capacity of refineries continues to increase as they expand. In the pre-war epoch, refinement was considered to be in its aureate age as they were profitable to firing. However, the hereafter promises to transfer new challenges and a competitory displacement that require new accomplishments and capacities to win. Refineries own by International Oil Companies ( IOCs ) most at times work out expeditiously than National Oil Companies ( NOC ) as these IOCs are involve in multiple activities. 3 IOCs are able to understate the short-term rotary effects of rough oil financial value and uncertainnesss of the market due(p) to the integrating of Refining and Exploration activities. However, NOCs and other independent refiners are unguarded as they are exposed to the hazard of monetary value volatility. 4 On African refineries in general, De Gouvello et al reported that however 7 of t he breach s operating refineries can be classify as universe graduated table. That is, three in Nigeria, three in southeast Africa and one in Sudan and all other refinement capacities across the part are kettle . 5 The capacity of the Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) can non be exempted from this categorization. TOR incorporated in 1960 as a simple hydro planing works refinery, over the past old ages has been the lone refinery in Ghana with the authorization to beautify rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises to run into the demands of the state. 6 It is required to transport out this authorization in an efficient safe and environmentally friendly mode. It has undergone enormous reconstituting giving it more duties as its capacity additions from 28,000 BSPD to 45,000 BSPD. 7 A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a capacity of 14,000 BSPD has besides been added to the installation to enable it change over low value residue from the Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. It relies on about 80 % of galvanizing power generated internally and the staying 20 % from the national grid. 8 When compared to other refineries in the universe and in Africa, TOR operations are secondary as it has hardly 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic crude oil market. 9 It reapingion degree has been on the diminution for the past 11 old ages given rise to importing of more crude oil merchandises to fulfill domestic demands. It has of late, been sing relentless closures due to dislocations of some equipment. entirely these bear on the end harvest-home of the refinery and therefore considered to be executing ill.This survey assessed the public presentation of TOR for the past 11 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) . It is done to show a clear digest and image of the public presentation of Ghana s lone Refinery in the state. Many research workers have adopted contrary attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Inten sities and Capacity function to gradation the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be overcritical in its judgment, alone limited to that technological efficiency. The survey did it appraisal utilizing both Technological Assessment Tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation and Managerial Assessment Approaches such as care civilization, treaty with the petroleum flexible demands of the refinery and authorities policy of subsidization of crude oil merchandises.This survey is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background, the province of TOR and the theoretical model are captured in chapter both. Chapter three contained the analysis and treatments of the consequences. Chapter four is the cerebrate chapter.Background2.1 Global Refineries and PolishingThe refinement procedure is important to the crude oil value concatenation because petroleum oil has no value until it is transformed i nto cogitate crude oil merchandises. Refining of petroleum oil started every import early as 1861 in the United State of America. 10 The first gear refinery was opened 1861 to bring forth kerosine for illuming and warming. 11 Technological promotion take to the innovation of car and Electric illuming systems and shifted the procedure from kerosine to motor fuels primarily Gasoline. 12 Polishing engineering continues to increase and as a consequence led to the de except of the Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracker in 1913 and mid-1930 severally. 13 Since so, the figure of runing refineries on planetary footing has non increase significantly. However, polishing capacity continues to spread out and germinate as major expansionary plants are carried out on the bing 1s. The largest refinery in word is the Paraguana Refinery Complex ( CRP ) located in Amuay and Cardon Venezuela with a refinement capacity of 940,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 14 besides sometimes the confidence I ndustries I and II located next each other in Jamnagar India are combined, doing it the largest individual refinement composite in the universe with a capacity of 1,240,000 barrel per twenty-four hours ( Reliance In. I, 660,000 and Reliance In. II, 580,000 ) .However, ExxonMobile Corporation is ranked as the universe s prima refiner with a refinement capacity of 5,797,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 15 Most refineries on the African stainless operate under smaller capacities. Merely a few are considered to be of universe criterion. Harmonizing to BP Statistical Review Energy Survey 2012, Africa had a 2011 refinery capacity of approximately 3.56 % of the universe sum. Skikda Refinery in Algeria is the largest in African with a capacity of 300,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Ras Lanuf works in Libya. 16 The behavior-Harcourt Refineries I and II situated in Nigeria are the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a entire capacity of 210,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, fo llowed by Shell/BP Sapref Refinery located in Durban with a capacity of 165,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 17 The Tema Oil Refinery is the lone Refinery in Ghana charged with the profession of polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises for national ingestion.2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR )The Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) was earlier known as the Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ( GHAIP ) especial(a) incorporated in 1960 but started operation in 1963 as a merely hydro planing refinery works. 18 The authorities of Ghana, by common understanding with ENI-Nazionie Intercarboni bought legality retention, therefore given it ( authorities ) hundred % ownership of the company. 19 As a state-owned refinery, the name changed from GHAIP to Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) in 1990.TOR started with an initial refinement capacity of 28,000BSPD, but as a national plus, a Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) was installed in 1997 increasing it capacity to 45,000BSPD. 20 A Res idual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a processing capacity of 14,000BSPD was besides added in 2002 to enable the refinery convert low value residue from the CDU to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. 21 TOR was tendencyionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum. However, the invariably lifting of rough oil monetary values made explosive charge to intermix diametrical petroleums as a manner of optimizing its borders. Assorted light and sweet petroleums such as Brass, River, Forcados and Palanca are import from neighboring states such as Nigeria, Equatorial, Guinea, Cameroon Gabon and Angola for refinement. 22 The end produces of TOR include Diesel, Petrol, LPG, Aviation Turbine Kerosene ( ATK ) , Naphtha, Premix and Residual fuel. 23 The nucleus concern of TOR is to sum refined crude oil merchandises for the domestic market. But it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic market. 24 The refinery depended entirely on imp orted petroleum for it end product until 2010 when it received some rough oil from domestic production. The inability of TOR to bring forth to petroleum merchandises for the full domestic demands of the state has created the demand for importing of refined merchandises into the domestic market and the lifting degrees of these imports have raised concerns among the Ghanese populace. Table 1 provides informations on the measures of rough oil input and crude oil end product of the refinery from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 depicts the Trend in rough oil input and crude oil end product for the same period.YearCrude inputPetroleum End product20001,131.81,028.420011,262.91,070.020021,179.41,155.520031,406.21,351.720041,813.51,604.120051,645.51,540.82006962.2891.220071,242.51,195.020081,396.71,221.52009441.4327.12010902.5946.420111,242.9957.7Table 1 Crude OIL insert AND OUTPUT ( Kilotonnes ) FOR TOR ( 2000-2011 ) author National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 25 FIG. 1 burn IN CRUDE OIL INPUT A ND petroleum OUTPUT ( 2009-2011 )Beginning Concept of the WriterFrom Table 1, it can be seen that, the twelvemonth by twelvemonth petroleum input exceeded the crude oil end product produced. This is due to losingss incurred during refinement. It is besides observed that 2006, 2009 and 2010 recorded a much pass up decreases in both petroleum inputs and crude oil end products with 2009 entryway the worse of it. These are grand of hapless public presentation of the refinery. collectible to this hapless public presentation in 2006, the authorities of Ghana approached two South Korean Companies, SK Corporation and Samsung Corporation to sell a recreate as portion of programs to bring forth US $ 6 zillion for infrastructural development within the refinery. 26 However, the trade did non happen due to respectable challenges the refinery was sing at that clip.Again, Table 2 shows the measure of domestic refinery impart and the measure of imported crude oil merchandises into the state from 2000 to 2011. Figure 2 illustrates the Trend of these measures for the same period.Table 2 Petroleum PRODUCT action AND IMPORT ( Kilotonnes )YearTOTAL REQUIREMENTDOMESTIC REFINRY SUPPLYimport QUANTITYPercentage OF IMPORTED ( % )20001,844.71,028.4816.344.2520011,870.91,070.0800.942.8120021,905.21,155.5749.739.3520031,920.81,351.7569.129.6320042,183.61,604.1579.526.5420052,119.11,540.8578.327.2820062,199.2891.21,308.259.4820072,390.71,195.01,195.750.0120082259.21,221.51,037.745.9320092,088.3327.11,761.284.3420102,536.2946.41,589.862.6820113,066.4957.72,108.768.77Beginning National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011FIG. 2 TREND OF DOMESTIC REFINERY SUPPLY ( OUTPUT ) AND IMPORTED QUANTITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning Concept of the WriterFrom both Table 2 and Figure 2, it is observed that, as domestic refinery supply additions, imports tend to diminish from 2000 up to 2004. However, this relationship reverted. From 2005 to 2011, the portion of crude oil imports has bee n on the addition travel from 578.3 kilotonnes in to 2005 to every bit high as 2,108.7 kilotonnes in 2011 part that of domestic refinery supply continues to diminish from 1,540.8 kilotonnes in 2005 to every bit low as 957.7 kilotonnes in 2011.All these deficits are attributable to both Technical inefficiencies and managerial inefficiencies which are discussed into inside informations in the following subdivision of this survey.2.3 Theoretical ModelThe attend of most intellectuals since 1970 has ever been on the Energy Utilisation and effectual counselling of refineries in the developed universe states. Romulo et Al purported that complex refineries can meliorate their energy ingestion through assorted ways such as increased heat interchange between procedure watercourse, thermic change over within and between process units and hotter charge provender between units, employ of more efficient furnace procedures and other smart ways of using raw engineering. 27 Romulo et Al ev aluated the energy efficiency of Brazilian petroleum oil refinement and compared it with the refinement of petroleum oil in US from 1930 to 2008. They reason that, a Brazilian refinery with a capacity of 157,000 barrel per twenty-four hours which undergone modernisation in 2008 cost US $ 1.3 billion and as such effected an addition of 17 % in its capacity. The consequence besides indicated that, the refinery energy ingestion fell from 0.75MBtu to 0.52MBtu per barrel processed and hence addition in complexness reduces the energy consumed in the concluding production procedure. 28 Others contended that there is no individual manner of bill the public presentation of refineries across gore despite the fact that, refinement procedures are energy intensive and exergy analysis appeared to be the most regular tool for assessment. For illustration, Badmus et Al reviewed the public presentation assessment on the refineries in Nigeria utilizing energy strengths for the analysis and conclu de that, the energy ingestion forms of the four refineries are on a lower floor international benchmark in the oil and gas industry. 29 Jesuleye et Al besides contributed to what this survey referred to as Technological Appraisal . 30 They besides evaluated the energy demand of Port Harcourt refinery in Nigeria and its policy deductions through the computation of energy strengths as a manner of decision the one-year energy demand of the refinery. The consequence showed that the animated energy demand per twelvemonth for treating rough oil into crude oil merchandises exceeded, in changing grades the stipulated refinery criterion of 4 barrels of oil akin ( BOE ) per 100 BOE as the grounds revealed a scope between 4.28 BOE and 8.58 BOE per 100 BOE processed. They nevertheless, included a managerial attitude as Turn-Around concern agenda in their analysis which this survey considered to be of import in measuring the public presentation of refineries.Many research workers have ado pted contrary attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in the appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency and therefore classified the attack as Technological Assessment of public presentation.Research workers with their different rational positions evaluated the public presentation of refineries across the universe with the customs of different analytical tools as they exist. One of the most widely recognized and hardheaded tool used is the Solomon Energy Intensity Indicator ( SEII ) . 31 It provides a more realistic contemplation of energy strength of the refinery as it creates elbow room for works by program analysis, considered the different types of terminal merchandises, recognises the fact that production procedures are specific and takes into history the operations of the works.Harmonizing to Nyboer and Rivers 200 2 cited by Jesuleye et Al, this method has been embraced and utilise late by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy saving in Canada in an effort to develop Energy ingestion benchmark usher for conventional crude oil refinement in Canada.For the intent of this survey, the application of SEII could non happen due to the absence of single informations on energy ingestion and the specific activity degrees of the refinery. However, the Energy strengths were calculated based on the concluding energy ingestion of TOR and its overall end product. As indicated by O. A. Jesuleye et Al, the theoretical account has it root from the European Economic Commission Funded initiate titled Energy Master Plan for Rural Development in Nigeria. 32 The Capacity Utilisation of the refinery was besides seed utilizing it end product to guarantee a full assessment of the expert efficiency of the refinery. The survey besides investigated into the managerial facets of the refinery.3.0 ANALYSIS AND DIS CUSSION OF FINDINGSBoth Technological Assessment ( TA ) and Managerial Assessment ( MA ) are carried out on TOR to determine realistic grounds why the refinery is executing so ill.TA centre on the Energy Demand through the finding of yearbook Energy Intensities utilizing Final Energy Consumption method and the annual Capacity Utilisations utilizing the Capacity Utilisation attack.3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA )Energy Intensity ( EI ) = Final Energy Demand aaaaa ( 1 )Crude processedCapacity Utilisation ( CU ) = Output produced X 100aaaaa.. ( 2 )Actual production degreeThe assorted yearly Energy Intensities and Annual Capacity Utilisations from 2000 to 2011 are presented in Table 4 below.Table 3 TEMA OIL REFINERY ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSISYear*Final Energy Demand ( KOE/Yr )*Crude Input ( KOE )*Petroleum End product**Annual Energy Intensities KOE/ yard*Required standard Intensity KOE/ megabyte**Annual Capacity Utilisation %*Benchmark capacity Utilisation %200061.51,131.81,028.40.05 4sodium44.4885200164.11,262.91,070.00.050 atomic number 1146.66852002sodium1,179.41,155.5SodiumSodium50.39852003Sodium1,406.21,351.7SodiumSodium58.94852004Sodium1,813.51,604.1SodiumSodium69.95852005Sodium1,645.51,540.8SodiumSodium67.1985200660.2962.2891.20.063Sodium38.8685200778.41,242.51,195.00.063Sodium52.1185200887.81,396.71,221.50.063Sodium53.2785200944.5441.4327.10.101Sodium14.2685201082.6902.5946.40.092Sodium41.2785201190.31,242.9957.70.073Sodium41.7685Beginning * Datas from National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011** careful values utilizing EI and CU expressionsNA Not AvailableTable 4 TEMA OIL REFINERY SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICSUnit of measurementStatusCapacityBPSD45,000Average ANNUAL CAPACITY UTILISATION**% ( KOE )48.29Average ANNUAL ENERGY chroma**1000Kt/yr0.07Entire LOSSES ESTIMATE*% ( KOE )3-6* Entire Losses judge of 3-6 % is obtained from National Energy Commission, 2011,** Calculated from Table 4.3.1.0 Capacity UtilisationFrom Table 4, the Annual Capacity Utilisation of th e refinery ranged between 14.26 % in 2009 and 69.95 % in 2004. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery has an Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % . This is much cut down as compared to the general benchmark Capacity Utilisation of 85 % in the refinement industry. It shows that the refinery is runing under criterion and hence indicates a hapless public presentation. Losses besides accounted for about 3-6 % of petroleum inputs as indicated in Table 5. These losingss are due to the low capacity and inefficiency of the premium reformist of the refinery.3.1.1 Energy IntensityFrom Table 4, the Annual Energy Intensities of the refinery ranged between 0.050 KOE in 2001 and 0.101 in 2009 per 1000 of petroleum processed. This shows that the refinery was more energy efficiency in its ingestion in 2001 than in 2009. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery besides has an Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07 KOE per 1000. When compared to the Annual Energy Intensity of other refineries crimson with much higher capacities such as Port Harcourt Refinery with a stipulated Intensity of 0.04 KOE per 1000, TOR is inefficient in footings of Energy Consumption. This shows the refinery consumes more energy, even though its end product degrees are falling and therefore indicates hapless public presentation on it portion.From the above Technological Assessment, it clear that the Tema Oil Refinery is executing ill as it produces below capacity, consumes more energy than others and incurred greater per centum of losingss.3.2 Managerial Appraisal3.2.0 Maintenance CultureThere are a figure of program line related issues which impacted negatively on the public presentation of TOR. These included the followers The failure of direction to constantly transport out care on the installation causes universal closing of the refinery. Harmonizing to Odiguri et Al cited by Badmus et Al 2012, the Turn Around Maintenance inspection and repair of refineries in general, is recommended t o be undertaken every 18 or 24 month. 33 This is non done at TOR. Care is merely carried out when a mistake is detected. 34 Even at the point of transporting out care, direction still employ antique industrial practises. This attitude of direction affected the proficient efficiency of the refinery and hence, lowers the end product than expected.A break in H2O supply is yet another ground that consequences in the hapless public presentation of the refinery. TOR dependance entirely on Ghana water system Company Limited for supply of H2O. 35 This beginning nevertheless, is non dependable as the company normally encounter frequent dislocations due its elderly grapevines. 36 Any break in H2O supply to the refinery causes intermittent closure of the refinery and as such, reduces the end product of the refinery at those times.Lack of unanimity to crude flexibleness regulations at TOR besides influences its public presentation. The refinery was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum.However, direction tend to intermix light saturnine petroleum with light and sweet petroleum as manner of increase their net income borders due to the lifting monetary values of light petroleum. 37 This normally affects the operations and efficiency of the refinery, therefore cut pour down its concluding end product.3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyAs a state-owned refinery, the activities of Government can non be excluded from the grounds why TOR performs so ill. Government as the exclusive proprietor of the refinery uses the National Petroleum Authority as a regulative organic body structure to find the monetary values of crude oil merchandises in the state. 38 This organic structure besides has the duty of implementing authorities policy instruments such as revenue enhancements and subsidies at the crude oil subsector degree. To maintain ex-pump monetary values of fuel depression, the authorities to a great extent subsidize ex-refinery monetary values. 39 In 2003 authorities grant on fuel was 29.5 % but increase it to about 39.7 % of the monetary value in 2005. 40 In entire, the authorities spent about US $ 276 million on fuel subsidy entirely by the terminal of 2011. However, these monies are barely recovered by the refinery. Non-payment of measures by Oil Marketing Companies ( OMCs ) besides increases the predicament of TOR. This increases the liability of the refinery and hence reduces its ability to procure rough oil for its operation.Despite the fact that proficient efficiency and Capacity Utilisation are important in finding the public presentation of a refinery, managerial patterns and Government activity are every bit of import in measuring the public presentation of TOR as they give accounts to the causes of these inefficiencies and therefore, supply empirical groundss to the ground why TOR is executing so ill.4.0 DecisionBased on the Analysis and happening on TOR, it is clear that the usage of Energy Intensities and Capac ity Utilisation as indicated by other research workers are of import considerations in measuring the public presentation of refineries. But managerial patterns such as care civilization, conformity with care ordinances, conformity with rough flexibleness demand and Government policies proved to be powerful in refinery public presentation and as such must be considered by future surveies. The survey showed that Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisation find the Technical Efficiency of the refinery. From the survey, the energy ingestion of TOR is non efficient as compared to others. Besides, TOR losingss are due to proficient inefficiencies and managerial inaccuracies. It Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07KOE/1000 is hapless as others have Average Annual Energy of 0.05KOE/1000. Besides, the Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % is far below the criterion bench grade of 85 % . There is besides unequal system care at TOR which has impacted negatively on its public present ation. From the survey it is apparent that, non-payment of subsidy measures by authorities affected it ability to procure rough oil for its operations and therefore cut downing its end product. These hence suggest that, the Tema Oil Refinery is so executing ill due to Technical and Managerial challenges at the installation.