High Risk Pregnancy and Women with Complex Health

luxuriously Risk Pregnancy and Women with Complex HealthFor this as stigma of the zodiacment I resile been asked to look at the trouble I deport seen and been involved in giving to a woman with a soaring danger pregnancy. I intend to post how my practice could be developed to meet the equal needs of women in the future. To do this I am going to determination a pondering approach. I am going to look at the normal anatomy and physiology and analyse the patho-physiology in relation to amply fortune pregnancy and birth.For most women, their midwife is their first point of jobber so they apply a crucial role to play in identifying every perils. Included in their extensive role is facilitating pregnancy and childbirth as a cocksure and fulfilling experience. This is most fundamental for those women whose childbearing experience has been categorized as high danger (Page, 2006).A pregnancy is classed as high encounter if on that point be all factors that whitethorn adv ersely take up the foetal or maternal event. Risk factors must be determine as archaean as possible to increase the chances of an improved outcome (Queenan et al, 2007).When a woman is booked for her maternity care, her medical and obstetric newfangleds report is taken to ascertain whether she would be suitable for midwifery led care (low risk) or advisor or obstetric led care (high risk). A woman brush off change from both group during her pregnancy. For example, she whitethorn locomote her care as low risk but hence something may happen or a condition may develop so she may therefore require consultant input into her care.Factors which could mean a woman has a high risk pregnancy include epilepsy, diabetes, cardiac problems, multiple pregnancy, hypertension, obesity and forward obstetric complications, i.e. caesarean office, earlier bleeding (whether that be antepartum, intrapartum or postpartum), recurrent miscarriages or previous intra-uterine death.Using Gibbs (1 988) reflective cycle, I am going to discuss a woman I recently cared for whilst working on Central Delivery Suite, whose pregnancy had been assessed as high risk. This was ascribable(p) to her having had a previous emergency caesarean section and a previous ventouse delivery.In amity with The Code (NMC, 2008) I catch changed all names mentioned to respect their confidentiality.DescriptionLaura, aged 39 eld old, was 39+1 weeks significant, gravida three, para two. As just mentioned, her obstetric narrative meant she would see an obstetric consultant during her pregnancy. As Laura was planning on having a vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) this increase her risk. It was in addition apparent she had time-tested authoritative for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in both her previous pregnancies. Laura had gone into spontaneous re beatnik. Laura and her teammate had both call for antibiotic drug drugs to be started as soon as possible payable to the previous GBS. T his was non something my mentor could agree to as Laura had non tested corroboratory for it at some(prenominal) point during this pregnancy.However, due to Lauras admission temperature reading be 38.1C and in view of the previous two pregnancies testing positive for GBS, it was decided by the obstetric consultant on duty that she would perplex antibiotics during g invest. We keeped she was in move overed labour by performing a vaginal examination, with consent, and finding the cervix was 4-5 cms dilated, partially effaced and membranes were felt intact. After Laura was movenulated, the antibiotic Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) 3g was administered intravenously. Then at four-hourly intervals she was given 1.5g until delivery. Due to Lauras high risk status a cardiotocograph (CTG) was commenced to keep a trace on the fetal feel rate and the uterine contractions.Laura laboured for approximately 6 hours in total, and went on to have a normal vaginal delivery of a healthy bab y boy.Postnatally, Lauras observations were taken and baby observations were as well taken hexad hourly and observed for a minimum of twelve hours in accordance with local anaesthetic mean Guide transmission channels (Local self-confidence, 2005).FeelingsThis event special(prenominal)ly sticks in my mind due to my own curiosity roughly Group B Streptococcus. When Laura was showing a temperature of 38.1C, I write outd this was out of the normal incline so I certified my mentor. I knew a high temperature could indicate a sign of infection so it was important I made my mentor cognisant. I felt calm at the time and knew my mentor and the obstetric consultant had the matter under control. My mentor made me feel included in the situation and explained fully what she was doing and when. She went through the process of preparing the drugs and the IV line with me.I was very happy with the outcome of the situation. At the end of the day, we all treasured a normal, natural deliver y of a healthy baby and that was achieved. valuationThe ultimate goal of this situation was a healthy mother and baby, which was successfully achieved. I am glad the consultant made the decision that Laura would be started on antibiotics as I was aware of how anxious she was.AnalysisThe closing outcome was Laura had a healthy baby with no signs of GBS disease.Contributing factors to this were how I relayed important information to my mentor and how the obstetric consultant made the right choice offer uping Laura antibiotics, even though she had not tested positive for GBS in this pregnancy.I consider Laura should have been offered a test for GBS to confirm if it was present in this pregnancy or not. She was very anxious about the situation so I feel this would have at to the lowest horizontal surface helped put her mind at rest k nowing either way. Her and her partner had come to CDS demanding antibiotics as a precaution anyway, and luckily for her, her high temperature meant s he legitimate them. Had she not had the high temperature that decision would have been down to the consultant.ConclusionI learnt from this experience the correct drugs to be given in labour, and the quantities and times stages they should be given. I in like manner learnt the drug to be given if the woman is hypersensitive to the primary choice drug. Plus, from development this topic as my high risk assignment, the further reading I have undertaken has in addition taught me a lot. go through PlanIf the situation happened again, I would feel more confident in my knowledge of explaining to the woman and her family why we would advise her to have the antibiotics. In this particular situation, Laura knew a lot about GBS due to her previous pregnancies universe tested for it and she was then subsequently treated during the labours. However, if a woman I was warmth for had little knowledge of GBS, I feel I could explain it.Laura was class as high risk due to her previous obstetric history. However, I am going to concentrate on the Group B streptococcus (GBS) she was concerned she had, after having it in both previous pregnancies. I also have a personal interest around GBS as this was something I tested positive for during my pregnancy and I did not really pick up what it was or the complications of it. I was screened fashionly as I was keep in Spain at the time. Laura was only aware of her GBS, in her previous pregnancies, due to identification number covert in Germany. She had not been screened here in the UK for GBS in this pregnancy, due to the uncertainty of clinical state and cost effectiveness of the scrap screening (NICE, 2003). As mentioned in my reflection, this was something Laura was concerned about and requested she receive antibiotics during her labour as a precaution.Group B streptococcus is a mutual type of streptococcus bacterium. Approximately a third of men and women are carriers of GBS in their intestines and a quarter of women ca rry it in their vagina. Most throng are unaware they are carriers as it can be unvoiced to detect and does not cause any symptoms. Carrying it is perfectly normal as it is one of many different bacterias that live inwardly our bodies.Problems can organise when GBS is transmitted to the foetus. This could happen if the membranes rupture, during labour or the delivery. The fetus could come into intimacy with GBS if the bacterium travels upwards from the womans vagina and into the uterus due to the membranes not being there to protect the fetus. If there are prolonged rupture of membranes there is increased risk of transmission due to more time for the micro-organisms to be transported from the vagina into the cervix, and then to the uterus. According to the Group B Strep Association there is also evidence that GBS may cross intact membranes to expose the fetus whilst it is withal in the womb. This could therefore cause preterm births, stillbirths or miscarriages. The fetus could also be exposed while passing through the birth canal. A preterm babe would be more susceptible as their lesser-developed bodies and immune systems are more vulnerable to GBS infection than older infants. The fetus could become infected if they sup or inhale the bacteria (GBSA, 2011). If the fetus acquires GBS in utero this is known as early infringement (Chapman, 2003).GBS can also be found on the hands and in the respiratory tract of a colonised person. So once a baby is born(p), GBS could be passed on to it from the hands. This is why, especially inside the first 3 months of a babys life, it is so important for anyone who comes into contact with a baby, washes and dries their hands thoroughly. If the baby was to develop the disease from repeated exposure, this is called late attempt (Chapman, 2003).In Lauras case, we were concerned about in utero transmission which could cause early onset GBS disease. This gave us the option for the administration of prophylactic antibiotic s during labour, and at least two hours before delivery, which has been shown to reduce the frequency of neonatal GBS infection (Local blaspheme Guideline, 2009). Antibiotics given during labour can be very effective at preventing this transmission.A guideline written by The imperial College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG, 2003) state a woman should be offered intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis if they have the following risk factors- previous baby affected by GBS- GBS bacteriuria notice during the current pregnancy- preterm labour (less than 37 completed weeks of pregnancy)- prolonged rupture of the membranes (more than 18 hours before delivery)- feverishness in labour (a temperature of more than 37.8C)Although Laura only had one of the above risk factors, she was offered the antibiotics at the discretion of the consultant.Women must also be reminded of the risks with taking antibiotics and be given all the information so they can make up an informed choice. The ant ibiotics a woman receives will also depend if she has any allergies to medication. The recommended antibiotic for those allergic to penicillin is clindamycin, 900mg administered intravenously, from onset of labour and every 8 hours until delivery (GBSS, 2007, Local Trust Guideline, 2005).During my placement on the Neonatal Unit, I also cared for a baby that had to be admitted for antibiotics as its mother had tested positive for GBS during her pregnancy. She was ineffective to receive antibiotics as the the delivery was so fast and there was not decent time. Therefore the baby was admitted to the Neonatal Unit so he could receive antibiotics. Blood cultures from the baby were obtained and he was treated with penicillin until the culture results were visible(prenominal). This raise the importance of the woman receiving the prophylactic antibiotics during labour.In any high risk situation it is vital that maternal and fetal well being is monitored.As Laura was high risk she was p laced on continuous cardiotocograph (CTG) monitoring.This gave us a recording and trace of the fetal total rate so we could indentify any deviation from the norm, in comparison with the service line for that baby. The primary aim of the CTG is to identify a fetus that may be hypoxic so additional assessments of fetal well-being can be employ (i.e. fetal blood sampling) or the fetus being delivered by an instrumental vaginal birth or caesarean section. The use of this kind of technology is justified in being able to save the life a fetus that is shown to be in distress.The CTG detects the fetal life rate (FHR) and the uterine activity (toco) simultaneously and displays it in the form of graph. It is important to invert the maternal pulse at the similar time as applying the CTG, to ensure the machine is recording the fetal heart rate, and not the mothers. The modern machines we use at my Trust have a maternal pulse sensor which the mother applies to her finger, which then records the maternal pulse rate on the graph that is printed out.The continuous electronic monitoring using the CTG is vital to get a contemporaneous recording of the fetal heart rate. It will give us the baseline heart rate (usually betwixt 110-160 beats per minute), accelerations (momentary increases in the fetal heart rate) and decelerations (momentary decreases in the fetal heart rate). both(prenominal) aspects of labour will cause natural alterations in the FHR recipes. For example, the pattern will be different when the fetus is asleep or awake. impertinent factors, like uterine contractions and maternal movement can cause the FHR to change. The FHR can also be affected by opiate based painkillers, like pethidine. Some of these changes are quite subtle and can only be detected by continuous CTG e.g. baseline variability, temporal shape of decelerations.To be a competent midwife, it is imperative I have knowledge on how to visit the recorded traces of a CTG. I have seen many CTG traces whilst on my hospital placement due to the high number of high risk women my Trust cares for. However, I still feel I am learning new things every time I see one, as everyone is different. I can distinguish between baseline tachycardia (where the fetal heart rate baseline rises above 160 beats per minute) and baseline bradycardia (the opposite, where the fetal heart rate baseline goes below 110 beats per minute) (Mukherjee, 2007).Baseline tachycardia could be physiologic if the trace is from a preterm fetus due to immaturity or junior-grade to maternal pyrexia or dehydration. It could also be a sign of fetal hypoxia. The fetus would try to increase the cardiac output principally by increasing the heart rate to supply vital organs with oxygen and nutrients.Baseline bradycardia could be physiological if the trace is from a post-term fetus or possibly a large fetus, provided there are also accelerations present and there baseline variability is above the normal range (5 beats per minute). If it is just baseline bradycardia with no other normal or reassuring factors, this would need immediate action.Another form of technology used within Lauras pregnancy was screening. When she was initially booked for her antenatal care, her blood and body of water would have be sent for screening, after she consented to this. She would also have attend ultrasound scans which are also a form of screening. This is something that is offered to all pregnant women and regardless of their risk status, it is used in both low and high risk pregnancies. It is a process which has been developed, which was not done previously due to lack of knowledge and technology. The standard screening during the antenatal period is piddle to check for any sign of infection, and blood to check the womans blood group, her rhesus status, her iron levels, if she is immune to rubella, and to check for hepatitis B, syphilis and HIV (NHS Choices, 2011).In line with the National Institute for Cli nical Excellence (2003) pregnant women should be offered evidence based information and support to enable them to make informed decisions regarding their care. This room women should be informed of all screening tests available to them. I believe this should include information about screening which is not necessarily available within the NHS but could be carried out privately, for example, GBS screening.There are arguments for and against introducing routine screening for GBS in the UK. Plumb, Holwell and Clayton (2007) argue that in the UK, GBS prevention is inadequate. They believe the NHS should offer testing for GBS in late pregnancy, thus giving women the opportunity to establish whether their baby is at higher risk of developing the GBS infection.My current Trust guideline (2005) state there is not enough evidence for it at this time.GBS sensory faculty campaigners, Group B Strep Support, are pushing for routine testing to be introduced in the UK (Prince, 2011). According t o GBSS, Western countries that routinely test, have a lower relative incidence of infection in new born babies, where as cases in the UK are on the rise. Even since the introduction of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists guideline for preventing GBS infection in newborns, in 2003, there has not been a decrease in either the number or the incidence of GBS infections in babies (GBSS, 2007).The table below shows the how the GBS infection in babies has increased throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland.Year report published reduceAll cases(babies 0-90 years oldIncidence per 1000 live birthsNumberEarly onset (babies 0-6 days old) Incidence per 1000 live birthsNumberLate onset (babies 7-90 days old) Incidence per 1000 live birthsNumber2003/30043110.482070.321040.160.482006/20074090.612480.371610.240.612007/20084210.612580.371630.240.612008/20094700.662790.391910.270.66(data published by the Health Protection function taken from www.gbss.org.uk/filepool/GBS_Infectio ns_on_the_Increase.doc)Table 1 Number and rate (per 1000 live births) of group B streptococcal bacteraemia reports in infants 090 days old in England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2003-2009.The boilersuit number of GBS infections within adults is also reported to have increased by more than 72% from 2001 to 2008(data published by the Health Protection Agencytaken from www.gbss.org.uk/filepool/GBS_Infections_on_the_Increase.doc)Table 2 Number of GBS infections in both males and femaleswithin England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2001-2008.A better indication of the rise in GBS infections would be taken from women only, who are 35-37 weeks pregnant. I believe this would give more of an perspicacity into pregnancy GBS infection rates.While the evidence states the increase in rates, I could not find any reasons for the increases. Some factors I believe may contribute to the rise include the lack of personal hygiene, modern living or even due to lifestyle. For example, many years ago cloth es and underwear used to be boiled when washing but now people may be washing their clothes on a 40C wash and this may not be enough to kill all the bacteria.It may not be due to any of these factors it may just be we have a better awareness of GBS now then what we did years ago. With the constant improvement of technology, we will also be finding out new things.Although the internet is not a form of technology we use within midwifery, it is certainly a form of technology we definitely need to be aware of. Within the depart ten years or so, the internet has become increasingly popular. This sum the general public can find about anything, more significantly medical information they may not have been able to admission charge before. Therefore, we need to be aware of those women that we care for, that may have either some basic knowledge or an in-depth knowledge of a medical issue, for instance GBS. The NHS even has a website called NHS Choices (www.nhs.uk) which people can access t o check symptoms and research illnesses and also pregnancy. I think this is importantly a commodity thing, although women may read so much into something they find online and it may make them more anxious or worried. It should not replace the direct contact with their midwife.The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008), state we should be delivering care based on the best available evidence. By reading the research I have found to write this assignment I am adhering to The Code by giving women evidence based advice. I may not be able to radically change my operational practice but I will definitely be more aware of what to look for and how to cover the situation. I will also ensure I am aware of those women who may have a more in-depth knowledge about GBS and conceive their anxieties.From writing this assignment I have identified the risks of GBS, who the risks affect and to what degree it could affect them. I feel I would be able to recognise the signs and be aware of the tre atment and management. I have acknowledged the main technology used is for the screening of GBS within the laboratory investigation systems and believe this should be carried out routinely within the UK.Final Word debate 3,361