Music and Religion in African-American Slave Culture

The buying, selling, and trading of human beings for personal labor, hard workerry, Is often thought to be singlehandedly the most atrocious thing that mankind as a firm has created. The horrors these innocent men, women, and children faced on a day to day root was parallelled perhaps only by the soldiers fighting the war over their freedom. though slavery was full of negatives, it also blossomed with positives as a means to cope.African-American slaves use several aspects of their native African ulture to cope, two primary comp unmatchednts being melody and religion. Slaves worked under constant watch by their owners, constantly fearing punishment for a slip-up. Enslaved African-Americans obviously resented the way they were being treated, end devised ways to rebel against their owners set under their noses.Reaching back to their African roots, slaves sang seemingly harmless songs to one a nonher as they worked under the sweltering sum Little did their owners manage that the s laves had eaved intricate secret messages into their lyrical pieces, such as metaphors intended to roast their masters or to send signals to other slaves. Their music was a flux of tribal African rhythms and American religious music, as they relied heavily on their religion to cope from day to day.Even though their outlook was bleak, Slaves stayed positive in the face of sheer adversity finished their corporate trust. The most common faith emong slaves was that of christlanlty. he christlan doctrine being passed down from fathers to sons and so on, Initially, some slaves were not chrlstlan. and held fast to their old polytheistic beliefs from their home, Africa. Asslmllatlon was inevitable however, and nearly all negro slaves were converted Their native religion did not cease to exist, but alternatively lived on done a stylized take on christianity.They coordinated several aspects of the African religion with christianity, such as rituals and vocalization. Sometimes both(pr enominal) religion and music came hand in hand to the slaves, who praised their Lord through song and dance. Slaves kept their heads high in hopes of being freed someday. Even today, the Influences of slave music and religion can be seen In modern religion, gospel singing music, hip-hop, rap. and the like. Even though slavery Is a memory many study to forget, It can still be remembered positively through the culture that emerged through the confinement

Don’t Live to Eat but Eat to Live Essay

The title sounds easy right on? Eat to blistering, go int scram it a carriage to eliminate. Simple enough. So why do I go to the park and half of the people I see ar thr arrestening or severely obese? w presentfore be their kids voluptuous? Why do my co massageers have fat rolls that hang off the back of their chairs? Its a question I have asked myself all over and over again. in that location have been umteen theories as to why people are fatter at present than they were 100 years ago. Now you disregard choose to believe the BS somewhat earnest calories and bad calories or that we are fatter because we dont sound by means of like our ancestors.You plenty also choose to believe that calories dont matter and we are fat because of the processed junk pabulum we consume so frequently of. By taking a intuitive feeling at fat people, we can sour the most probable impudence that they consume more than than calories than they expend. So, if you are in tune with what happens when sinew usance is bulkyer than expenditure, you know the excess energy is stored as body fat or contri preciselyes to LBM gain under certain rideuations. Why is this important? A farseeing time ago when we had to chase carry step up our fare and scene it with a sharp object, storing fat was essential for survival as it could be days or weeks before we might feast again.So later I expended on the whole of that energy hunting down the kangaroo, you can diddle your sweet loin cloth I am going to simulate and stuff myself for the next some days. Now approximately of that ingested energy went to preserving carry body mass but a lot of the excess was shuttled right into my fat cells. Thankfully we have the ability to store fat, otherwise I wouldnt be here today writing this article. So here is what I have not fruitcaked. While its not revolutionary, its not something we think closely much. We are Emotional Eaters Many of us are emotional eaters. We some times eat to relieve stress and find facilitate in eat certain foods.While I have not looked at statistics, I am willing to bet those of us at high stress jobs are more likely to be sarcoid than those in less stressful positions. I witnessed this at a earlier job where over half of the workers there were over pitch and some were dangerously obese. The day job was truly stressful and the cafeteria served some very calorie dense food. People would go to luncheon and take the exhi smirch off by consume a foot long chilly cheese dog or go down the road and radiate off a few big macs. Then when it was time to mastermind home, I am sure numerous hit the pint of ice cream for their post dinner indulgence.I have also observe people working in lower stress environments to be slimmer and more fit. I supposed they had more energy and vigor outside of work to be more active than their stressed out counterparts. Now this could all be coincidence and anecdotal but I have a hunch the re is more to it than that. Lots and Lots of Food If you live in America, you know how easy food is to come by. We are unendingly being told to eat thanks to TV, radio and the internet(I am thinking about ordering a pizza right now because of the Dominos ad I see on the web page). This seems to screw with our lifelike cravings.Its like we only become hungry because food is constantly in front of our face. So we only think we are hungry. We eat and then a few hours later are bombarded again with more advertisements of food. Time to go to Wendys No wonder we are a bunch of fatties. Lack of Balance This is probably the biggest factor in the obesity epidemic we are facing. The fact is most people are very sedentary. We wake up, go to work, sit for 8 hours and return home to sit some more until we hit the sack. Now this may sound a bit exaggerated but its not far from the faithfulness for many.Most of the people living like this are very underslung too. People like to argue and say they have a metabolous disorder. They say I eat the comparable amount that my grandparents used to eat and they were al counsellings thin. I wonder if working on a work and doing manual labor had anything to do with them staying so slim? If you are sedentary and desire to maintain your weight its most definitely a great idea to begin working out a few times per week, give the sack some calories and move around a bit more than usual. Perhaps you can begin walking on your lunch break.If you dont have time to do any spear carrier act, then the only mood to manage your weight is by ceremonial what you eat and keep it at your maintenance intake. Now ideally, you will be doing both of these( performance and watching your diet) for optimal results. Eat To Live Eating rigorously out of necessity is often hard to do because some food try outs so good. Sometimes we eat a little too much or indulge a bit too often. I am not telling you to completely limit your intake of what you really know eating because that will only make you crazy.This is coming from the guy ho chuck cereal every day because he absolutely loves it. I really love a big bowl of Capn Crunch with cold whole milk. The main point I am trying to make here is we should view food as energy and nothing else. You solely expect energy to live. Do not nonplus hung up on food being bad or good, dismantle or unclean. This will only lead to a terrible kindred with food. I have experienced some slight issues with binge eating, and so I had to take the time to reestablish a healthy kin with food. Nowadays I am not concerned with what I eat, as long as I eat enough for my latest finales.I make sure to get my protein, fish oil and fill in the rest with the other macros. I may eat pizza, tacos, oats or have a few beers. Once you can view food as nothing but a fuel source, a piece of hot chocolate cake or a bowl of rice is essentially the same difference. They both set up energy. We need energy to liv e. Dont live to eat, eat to live. Many people struggle to attain the health goals that they ask to achieve. Whether those goals are losing weight, lowering cholesterol levels or just getting into better overall health, the foundation for those goals is a healthy diet. Diet is a cardinal letter word.Im not sure if youre awake(predicate) of that. When people hear the word diet, they cringe. They immediately think it means you have to eat very little, and the food that youre allowed to eat must taste terrible. I am here to tell you that does not have to be the case. When I talk about diet I mean diet in its most basic meaning. The send-off definition of diet listed in the dictionary is as follows Diet (n) food and drink considered in term of its qualities, composition, and its effects on health. Its not about breaking down what youre eating a cutting a bunch of it out to lose weight.Its about the quality of the food that you are lay into you mouth and how it will mint your ove rall health. It truly is about your habits with meet to food. When patients come into my office diet is always something that we modify. Patients come to see us for a wide range of conditions, but dietary change is about always necessary. There is the occasional patient that already has a absolute diet, but they are few and far between. Patients are very do at first to change their eating habits because they are very propel to feel better.As they get into their programs motivation dwindles and people begin to overtop their puff foods. It really is amazing how much people depend on food to make them felicitous. It should not be that way. Food can certainly be a source of joy. There is nothing better than a good piece of steak or a tasty chicken knocker sometimes. However, if foods become your only enjoyment there is a problem. Food should be nourishment, not your sole source of pleasure. Patients, even when they are achieving the results they desire, complain about the dieta ry changes theyve been forced to make.Of course the alternative is to continue down the thoroughfare they were on, eat as they wish and continue to feel bad. Either way they feel trapped. This is where the mind set needs to switch. They need to finally go through that they need to eat to live, not live to eat. If a somebody can understand that concept, digest it and then apply it, dietary changes are easy. You are eating to be healthy and therefore happy. Not the other way around. Patients that have the hardest time changing often do not accept this concept. They dont want to give up ice cream, candy, cakes, and so forth ecause they get enjoyment out of consuming them. There are physiologic reasons for this of course, but even when those are addressed the mindset does not change. If nonpareil can decide to use food as a beak to get healthy rather than a tool to be happy changes occur much faster. Remember this concept food is fuel for our bodies. We need it to function. We need it to live. We can certainly enjoy it, but it should not be a tool to make us happy. We should view food simply as something that can nourish our bodies and make us healthy. Viewing it this way makes it much easier to make good choices.Inevitably people who choose comfort foods make bad choices. When was the last time you heard that someone over ate chicken breast? It doesnt happen. People over eat the bad stuff like donuts, chips or ice cream because they are eating for joy, not for nourishment. Abiding by the eat to live, dont live to eat mantra will serve you well because it will armed service you make the right diet choices for the right reasons. Chances are, youve tried to lose weight. The first goal of dieting is to stop further weight gain. The next goal is to establish a realistic weight privation goals.Any knowing weight reduction results in health benefits. And, the amount of weight pass can improve your health. Changing your behavior to adopt a better lifestyle can be tough however its easier to make healthy lifestyle changes one step at a time. cohesive to a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables and exercising on a regular basis are also proven ways to prevent diseases such as cancer and heart complications. Losing weight is not simple because many factors affect how much or how little food a person eats and how that food is metabolized by the body.Your weight depends on the number of calories you consume, how many of those calories you store, and how many you trend. If you decrease your food intake and consume fewer calories than you incinerate, or if you exercise more and burn up more calories, your body will surmount some of your fat stores. In order to turn your body into a weight loss machine, you must start by determining how many calories you should consume each day. Weight loss can be well-bred by eating fewer calories and by exercising to help you burn fat and calories and keep the weight off.Exercise can boost your metamorp hosis increase muscle mass as a result you burn more calories. The most effective method for weight loss is cut down the number of calories you consume while increasing the number of calories you burn through physical activity. In order to reach this goal, you must multiply your current weight by 15 thats about the number of calories per trounce of body weight needed to maintain your current weight if you do at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day. To lose one to two pounds a week your food uptake should provide less than your total weight-maintenance calories.You will also need to form more activity into your day. In order to lose at least a pound a week, try to do at least 30 minutes of physical activity at least deuce-ace days a week, and reduce your daily calorie intake. Physical activity is an important part of weight management. However, calorie intake should not cash in ones chips below 1,200. Becoming physically active can help you burn extra calories and natura lly increase your glucose uptake by increasing your transfiguration and muscle mass. Whether you want to drop 10 pounds or 100, the truth is that no weight loss plan will work if you dont stay with it.Our bodies require a complex array of nutritional components, and specially the micro-nutrients that are missing from the normal diet. The question is how to do this while eating less. The answer is to eat super foods, or booster foods. Booster foods provide us with a full spectrum concentrated nutrition with minimal thermal content. A well-functioning metabolism has three jobs it converts energy from the food we eat into work and heat it eliminates toxins and any unnecessary nutrients in the form of waste and it stores glucose in the form of lycogen and extra energy as fat for future use. all told of these functions are interrelated and interdependent they rely on each other. iodin cannot function properly without the support of the other two. Healthy leanness results from anxio us fat and building muscle. Many people try to lose weight, but fewer people lose weight and keep it off. The first step in losing weight safely is to determine a realistic weight goal. If you want to lose weight, cutting calories or controlling your portions is a good place to start. After determining a reasonable goal weight, fix an eating plan.Our eating habit and lifestyle have a great impact on our body. This does not mean you have to stop eating your favorite foods. It means you must reduce your caloric intake. Set a realistic weight loss goal. One of your goals should be to lose a few pounds and be able to keep it off for a long time. Eating foods high in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains can be an important aid in weight maintenance because eating enough of fiber can help make a person feel full or curb your appetite longer. Weight loss is a continuous process.

Priming Theory Essay

Mass media has the capability to influence mountain to recollect based on the media excogitations that have a bun in the oven been presented to them. In thousands of images that great deal see on media sources e rattlingday, the strong recall of each image leave marks on the minds of the viewers or readers which often lead to the conclusion that mass media is the important and powerful tool to deliver messages to the mainstream. From entertainment to business purposes, media plays a very important role in the society.The public does not always notice the strong effects of persuasive advertisements or well-narrated news story presented by media however, the increasing demands determine the impacts of these media constructs to the people in all aspects. plenty grease ones palms a definite product beca apply of the appealing commercial on picture. People conform to the latest fashion trends because the models and endorsers on the magazines. People vote for a certain politicia n because of constant release of propaganda through newspapers. These are righteous few of the many examples showing the strong effects of mass media to the public. all the same though the people are often unaware of these influential demands and theatre of operations consumerism, the society still relies on the ability and credibility of mass media for providing education that would help each cluster function well in the society. This concept has an accurate explanation from the mass conference theorists. The pictures that people see on screen and magazine pages and the attitude of people prior to and upon seeing those images have been discussed and given explanations for the societys better understanding.Priming is one of the theories that would condone the media concepts and effects of media images to the public. Apparently, the concept of priming will be most rough-and-ready to examine in the light of other theories in the field of communication like framing and agenda set ting. These theories would help the people to understand the concept of priming and its focus on media messages. The Priming Theory During election bm period, much propaganda are existence released on popular media sources like television, radio, newspapers, and stock-still magazines to inform and update the public about the event.Typically, this is the hardest period for the politicians because this is the time when they use up to build a rapport with the mainstream and book them aware about their candidacy. This is in addition the period when the mass media plays a very important role to make them produce the anticipated position in the society (Burstein, 1991). The dissemination of instruction creates a strong recall to the mainstream and the salient issues on media become the reduce of attention of the public.Since the awareness of the people is being determined on their aim of media exposure and participation, the constant release of advertisements and promotions are done by the politicians to reach all the target people. It has been mentioned that the concept of priming can be explained with the use of other theories in fact, agenda setting theory serves as the comprehensive of priming. Agenda setting suggests that mass media may not be self-made in telling the people what to think however it has been successful in telling the mainstream what to think about.Mass media may not tell people to buy a certain product but the advertisements on television and billboards would affect the behavior of the consumers because of its persuasive appeal. In agenda setting, the media does not bid people to conform but instead present the idea totally and let the people do the rest (Birkland, 1998). In other words, the media shows images in a way the people would easily get the messages that are being conveyed on media concepts.According to agenda setting theory, the media highlight a certain issue or certain part of the controversy to make the people put t oo much attention on the salient issues rather than to those issues that media considers as less important. Apparently, issues help to develop the perceptions of people toward reality. They provide normal categories which organized the knowledge of the mainstream and their experiences in a large semantic modeling relevant for communication in the community.

Thematic Analysis on the Book American Buffalo by David Mamet

A buffalo accepts minimum from the society and gives the maximum-its food is good deal (unless you feed both(prenominal)thing special) and the finished product that you get is milk The junk descent sh induce when American buffalo opens, doesnt inspire very very much. Normall(a)y, when the curtains are raised, the theory icon/ couch is supposed to be the best, highly impressive, to create a long-wearing impression with the audience. The secondhand antique store run by move into Dubrow nevertheless, kindles curiosity. The stage is filled with lots of junk. It is easy to create neat and cull or fascinating sets.A jumble set take so much imagination to do. For example, a great(p) overflowing dustbin prominently kept at the stage evokes as much curiosity as the big flower-vase practiced of colorful flowers. It evokes immediate enthusiasm in the minds of the spectators, Why it is thither on the stage at this initial stage of the swordplay? The opening dialogues go to the credit of weary who is delivering a assembly line discourse to Bob, inviting his wariness to the promised deals and the necessity to stick on to it. Bob was busy with not so healthy and socially acceptable ideas to get rich quick.Bob apologizes, tho take up speaks with a frustrated note at his friends unpredictable betrayal. Don retorts, Dont tell me youre sorry, Im not mad at you. This observation speaks ab pop out the sincerity of Don to bring his friend to the rightly track, by involving him in the respectable business of junk dealings Filling the stage with the junk in much(prenominal) voluminous and vast quantity is not the easiest of the things to do. Clive Barnes (writing for the New York Times) called the Broadway set stupefying and described it as an agglomeration of trash that must defend taken a team of assistants months to acquire. (American) Out of that confusing and unclassified dump, David Mamet tries to find the essential needs for a dignified action. Th e junk yard is the not the final conclusion for those articles. They rather wait for a new beginningyet some other lease of respectful life The theme as conceived by Mamet, has some hidden agenda as for the welfare of the society. He has strange slipway of propounding how to achieve his objectives American Buffalo received intense critical attention, for it set the critics thinking and disturbed their psyche.What they saw on the stage was not an habitual effort as depicted by an cut-and-dry story. The emotional highs and lows of the characters were real as per conditions obtaining in a big chunk of the American Society. David Mamet apply the lowest of the language, the meanest of the vocabulary, to say his truth. He was bold in his approach, but no so beautiful and refined. But where is refine ness in the real-life situations that he was explaining? But the nods and appreciation that he secured for the plot and for his characters must be from those who entertain experienced such situations, either with or without conquest.David Manmet doesnt value achievement or defeat much. He sees the truth in the permanent efforts. The energetic ones His thematic approach to the language and expressions he used in the cope with is with a definite purpose. He could have written the dialogues in tycoons English, but he preferred the idiosyncrasies and the latent brainpower of everyday speech of an average individual. Such characters responded and reacted to the routine situations in an ordinary but emphatic way. They expressed their opinions in a crude manner, by keeping the essential dignity of their position in the society.Every individual lives his life along with certain ambiguities, which he carries as his luggage, when he is unable to pass them. He however has a hope that one day he will be able to solve them, and will achieve a problem-free state. Reading a play is one thing, and looking at the performance, when many an(prenominal) characters pronounce the play in accordance with their acting abilities, is another matter. The script, when you read may confuse you, may keep you less-inspired, you may feel that you are making desperate efforts to go through confusing paragraphs and sentences.But when the characters do their earnest job of pronouncing them on the stage, David Mamet proves to us that he is right. He has judged their spirits and caught their moods right, with those impound utterances, what if they are half-thoughts and obscenities. He has showed and depicted the reality of obscenity, because you find it very much prevalent in the vocabulary of the society nearly which he is writing. So, what suffering is there in calling the spade a spade? The mishap shown about 3 crooks planning to steal a coin collection in the name of good business is right according to their train of thinking.(It is better than stabbing an individual to rob his wealthiness or cheat a bank with fraudulent ideas) That is the stage of their r ise in life. They are able to offer justification for their actions as per their own perfected reasoning. Whether the society accepts it or not is another matter. But they have no confusion about their objective. The characters of David Mamet have a particular level of existence. You cant pass judgment on them by seance on the ivory tower. To know them, you need to reach their level. Understand their real-life situations and determine you in their shoesThey do, what they do, not out of pleasure but out of sheer necessity of existing in this world. Therefore, the seemingly inarticulate utterances deport a rhythm found in few other playwrights work. constituent of the fascination of the play, wrote Womens Wear Dailys Howard Kissel, lies in noting how the same banal language takes on different colors as we perceive the changing relationships between the characters. (American) To swear intimacy and business together requires lots of understanding. The beginning seems to be good, b ut what really matters is maintenance of the relation ship.Business world is not always the nation of ethics. The fundamental principle and the goal in business are profits, success and self-interest. The play makes good beginning as for the combination of business and friendship but by the end of the play, the edifice of friendship collapses, and self-interest hoists the fleur-de-lys of victory. The theme of any story always tells something about the causation, even when the author makes conscious efforts to avoid it. Recollections of authors past appear in some form or the other.May be some dialogues, situations, trials and tribulations, duty and bag of the characterssomewhere between the interactions of the character it surfaces in a subtle form. David Mamet had a difficult childhood. He was born in Chicago, and was raised in a Jewish neighborhood. His father being a labor attorney, discussion about labor problems must have been parklandplace. Mamet has learnt and depicted th e anger, frustration and slang of American youth and men very well and this can be learnt and captured in the printed page only through direct experience and exposure to situations.David Mamet introduces a unique theme in American Buffalo-the judicious use of sabotage. They say, all is fair in war and love. Mamet adds one more category to this-business perception (when reduced to its basest form. ) He was appreciated for his ability to find equation with the common man through this play. Their slang became his weapon of success. His characters rarely speak full sentences, but what they utter has the telling effect. You nod in approval, as it appeals to you emotions. The three main characters, the low life thugs, succeed in taking potshots at the American way of life and its business ethics.The bricks of foundation of America are dispossession of the land from the former owners and genocide of the local Indian populace. The drama and conflict among the characters is intense in a ver y disturbing way. This is a play that makes you very uncomfortable about the way that people tinct to each other and challenges your hopes that values like friendship and honor are greater than the drive to get a bit ahead no matter who you step on in the process. (Theatre) Conclusion American Buffalo is a common mans drama, in common language, dominated bycommon characters, but written by an uncommon author. ========== References Cited article Theatre pecker American Buffalo By David Mamet . www2. netdoor. com/campbab/theatre/buffalo. html 10k Retrieved on October 10, 2007. Article American Buffalo Summary and Study Guide David Mamet. www. enotes. com/american-buffalo 15k Retrieved on October 10, 2007. Mamet, David American Buffalo (Paperback) Publisher Grove Press Subsequent edition (January 11, 1994) ISBN-10 0802150578 ISBN-13 978-0802150578

Culture Competency Essay

In the aspect of interacting with the global residential area, it is grievous for an individual to understand the cultural aspect of the subject society and match to this calculate in name of their interactive business. As the aspect of goal manifest to be a significant authority in the characteristics and qualities of separately individual and collective society, sagacity this individualism factor is indeed weighty in the pursuit of establishing an effective fundamental interaction with the several(predicate) people in the global community.In particular to the healthcare profession, the aspect of goal cleverness manifests to be an important concern in healthcare education as having the ability for interacting, understanding and relating to different grows can effectively enhance the function evinceed by healthcare professional. Indeed, the general concern of the healthcare profession is to render effective healthcare assistance and services to people of different shade thus, the global community is the main subject in this mission.In part though, cultural background resembles an important part in the personal identity of each person or patient thus, the healthcare profession must incorporate this in his or her pursuit of relating effectively the said affaire for the benefit of the patient. In the actual practice of the healthcare profession, the concept of culture competency manifest particularly in the personal interaction amongst the healthcare professional and the patient.In this scenario, the two parties are often with different cultural background yet, in best confinement, the health professional must overcome this difference in the process or realizing his or her responsibilities. For example, whatever of the common barriers are the language factor, the cultural sensory faculty and acceptability, perception and understanding, and others. At some point, the healthcare professional must incorporate the cultural factor in the profi le identity of the subject thus, adjusting his or her pursuit and interaction based on this element.Forwarding the healthcare service and assistance by relating it with the cultural background of the patient can effectively influence the understanding and acceptance of the subject in this pursuit. For example, acknowledging the cultural limitations and the preferences of the subject in his preaching and medication can indeed influence his acceptance towards the process. Through this approach, the healthcare practitioner can effectively motivate active participation and get on interest from the patient towards the success of the treatment and the healthcare program.Due to the impressiveness of culture competency, healthcare practitioner must assess and realize in themselves their individual strengths and weaknesses in this aspect and develop their flexibility towards the different cultures in the global community. In this aspect, the author of this paper realizes certain weakness es in terms of cultural awareness due to the social limitations he has experienced in his upbringing.Raising from a rural town with a small community and having only experienced interacting with people from different culture during only college years, culture competency has developed late in this author as such it is important to focus much attention towards developing this skill. However, continuing the effort of developing social relationship with people from other cultures and building up academic information from researches and reading can indeed contribute in developing culture competency.With this effort, one can effectively develop awareness and understanding of various cultures and undermine cultural difference towards the mission of providing whole tone healthcare service towards the global community from different races and cultural society. Bibliography Zwell, Michael (2000). Creating a Culture of Competence. Wiley Publication. 1st Edition. ISBN-10 0471350745.

Evaluation of Orica in Terms of Environmental Concerns

Evaluation of Orica in footings of environmental concernsExecutive sum-upThis correction will analyse the Oricas honourable general presentation and its fiscal tale in order to assist the investor to do informed determinations. The find out focuses on the rating of the respect-systemal break associating to environmental concerns and the peck financial value history over last decennary. This study finds that Orica has some un value orientational issues on environment. Further more(prenominal), it is found that Oricas attribute fiscal value cold increased limited, it is because of their late mean stock financial value. Therefore, this study recommends that Orica may non be a good pick for put collectable to its distressing ethical and fiscal public presentation.IntroductionThe objective of this study is to measure Orica for client on the footing of ethical public presentation and fiscal statements. Ethical investment is defined as the technical activities of those investings in the company, which do non hold cast out effects on rescript and the environment ( Cambridge Business English Dictionary 2011, p.297 ) . It factor that earlier ethical investor makes investing determinations, they will see both ethical issues and fiscal return.Orica was naturalised in 1874. Its chief merchandises are commercial explosives and blasting systems . Orica is the largest provider of mineral and infrastructural markets. Orica has more than 12,500 employees and its concern operates more than 100 states ( Orica 2015 ) . Harmonizing to Oricas 2014 one-year study ( 2015 ) , last twelvemonth it earned $ 602.5 million of Australia dollars.This study will deoxidise on two facets. The first per centum is ethical issues associating to environmental concerns and the separate particle is about the illustration of the portion pecuniary value history. This recommendation for the investor in this company is presented at the net of this study.Evaluation of Orica in footings of environmental concernsThe success of modern endeavors non merely numbers on the company profitableness, environmental ethic s are besides the standards of the companys success. Environmental ethic means that worlds and the environment maintain the harmonious dealingss ( Jeffery, Michael ) . In other words, the in(predicate) company should accomplish environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability means that the companys commercial activities cause no pollution and harm to the environment ( lax et.al 2010, p. 634 ) . However, excavation and metal industry are inseparably with environmental devastation. Harmonizing to Biello ( 2011 ) , more than 4.7 million people are exposed to the injury of quicksilver for a long clip due to the pollution from excavation. Furthermore, this research besides shows that boisterous 10 million to 20 million workers suffer from the amendss from their working environment, such(prenominal) as toxi thronet plashes. Therefore, as the giant of excavation chemicals, the environmental issue is the challenge to Orica.Oricas chief merchandises are mining chemicals that have negative consequence on environing environment and residents wellness. Groundwater taint is the chief issue that caused by Orica. Botany industrial park is one of the contaminated sites, which is located in the Banksmeadow of Sydney and is merely 11 kilometres from the Sydney cardinal concern territory. From 1942 to 1980s, due to Oricas hapless environmental direction and waste intervention, about 16000 tones of hexachlorobenzene and a larger act of Ethylene Dichloride were stored in Botany ( Suckling 2013 ) . Harmonizing to Chan ( 2006 ) , contaminations bit by bit contaminated dirts and underwater, which caused more than 1000 occupants suffer from the wellness menaces, such as the tegument, nervus, liver and kidneys harm. The contaminated H2O is a relentless constitutional pollutant, which could defy the biodegradation ( EPA ) .Furthermo re, Oricas safety accidents occurred often, which made people disquieted. At the terminal of 2011, a twine of chemical news leaks happened in Koorangang Island. In February 2012, another leak happened at Newcastle ( Harris 2013, Para. 1-3 ) . Particularly, the Koorangang incident was a serious accident to the occupants who lived about the chemical works ( Kennedy 2014 ) . Harmonizing to Nicholls ( 2011 ) said that about 30 blocks of occupants suffered from the harm of hexavalent Cr gas which was released from the Oricas works. However, Orica reported this accident to the authorities until 17 hours after this incidents happened, which were an impossible hold. The toxi stinkert gas release was a serious accident hence, Orica should be responsible for this accident instantly.Apparently, Orica tried to demo their best attitude to the macrocosm and the media, like finishing the works to decide the pollution jobs. However, Orica really evaded the issues. It means that Orica did non pay adequate attending on the possible hazard during the merchandise and the duty to the public wellness. Therefore, the public presentation of Orica was non good on environmental moralss.Evaluation of Orica in footings of portion monetary value history betoken 1 shows the portion monetary value of Orica from May 2005 to June 2015 ( Australian warranter exchange 2015 ) . The perpendicular axis indicates the portion monetary value in Australian dollars while the horizontal axis represents old ages.Figure 1 Oricas portion monetary value May 2005 June 2015As can be seen from the graph, Oricas portion monetary value has increased by about $ 7 over the bygone decennary, although it experienced many crucial fluctuations during that period. In May 2005, the portion monetary value of Orica was around $ 14.674 nevertheless, its monetary value increased reasonably by $ 8.976 in May 2006. Although, the portion monetary value fluctuates, it was still around $ 23 from April 2006 to February 2 007. From March to April in 2007, there was a dramatic addition in portion monetary value of Orica from $ 22.332 to $ 30.454. This monetary value was the highest monetary value over the past decennary. This rise was caused by a private equity consortium limit to do investings to Orica ( Woolrich 2007 ) . From June 2008 to February 2009, portion monetary value decreased aggressively from $ 27.876 to the concluding point $ 12.369, which was due to the world-wide fiscal crisis in 2008 ( Orica 2009 ) . After that, Oricas portion monetary value increased well to $ 25.539 in April 2010. This growing was due to the rapid growing of concern in emerging markets, such as China and Russia ( Orica 2010 ) . The portion monetary value was around $ 25.5 from April 2010 to the terminal of 2012. Then, the portion monetary value experienced a little addition to $ 26.76. It go away to $ 18.894 during February and August in 2013, which was due to deteriorating market conditions ( Wilkins 2013 ) . Fr om the terminal of 2013 to show, Oricas portion monetary value rose with some fluctuations to $ 21.723.Overall, Oricas portion monetary value fluctuate wildly between 2007 and 2010, nevertheless, from 2010 to late, the portion monetary value has some different alteration, it ever around $ 22.25. Therefore, it could anticipate limited outperform for Orica s portion monetary value. Additionally, the restriction of this study is that this fiscal statement merely focuses on portion monetary value.RecommendationIn drumhead, Oricas moralss public presentation is non good, because of some unethical issue in the environment concern. Although they ever has complete program to better the pollution, the hold is could non be acceptable. Furthermore, depend on the analysis of Oricas portion monetary value history, it can be seen that Oricas portion monetary value is addition in recent twelvemonth nevertheless, the rise is limited in the hereafter. Therefore, this study sensible the investors carefully put this company.Therefore, this study advised the investors carefully put this company. mention listBiello, D 2011, World s 10 worst toxic pollution problems ,Scientific American, November 2011, viewed 5 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.scien tificamerican. com/article/10-worst-toxic-pollution-problems-slide-show/ &038 A gt .Cambridge Business English Dictionary2011, 1stedn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Chan, N 2006, The Worst Groundwater Contamination Incident in the Southern Hemisphere- A Case Study of Oricas Botany industrial Park, Pacific Rim Real Estate Society yearly Conference.Harris, M 2013, Issues persist at Orica plant ,Newcastle Herald,4 December, Para. 1 3, viewed 6 June 2015, expand Academic ASAP database.Kennedy, J 2014, Orica fined $ 768,000 over chemical spills and safety breaches in NSW ,ABC intelligence, July 2014, viewed 3 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.abc.net.au/ new s/2014-07-28/company-orica-fined-over-chemical-spills-and-safety-breaches/5629974 &038 A gt .Nicholls, S 2011, Orica leak enquiry to concentrate on delays, The Sydney Morning Herald,August 2011, viewed 10 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.smh.com.au/environment/orica-leak-inquiry-to-focus-on-delays-20110817-1iy7l.html &038 A gt .Woolrich, N 2007, Orica a putsch detat target ,Australian Broadcasting Corporation,Australian Broadcasting Corporation, viewed 5 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.abc. net.au/lateline/business/items/200704/s1900884.htm &038 A gt .Wilkins, G 2013, Orica portions tumble after net income inform ,Business twenty-four hours,20 July, viewed 12 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.smh.com.au/business/orica-shares-tumble- after-profit-warning-20130719-2qa2t.html &038 A gt .Orica 2009,Annual calculate 2009, viewed 7 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.orica.com/Investors/ company-reports &038 A gt .Orica 2010,Annual Report 2010, viewed 15 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.orica.com/Investors/company-reports &038 A gt .Orica 2015,Annual Report 2014, viewed 3 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.orica.com/Investors/company-reports &038 A gt .Slack, N, Chambers, S, Johnston, R, 2010,OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT,6Thursdayedn, Pearson Education Limited, United Kingdom.Suckling, L 2013, Residents near Botany Industrial Park and Port Botany excite safety ,The Daily Telegraph, July 2013, viewed 5 June 2015, &038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.daily tele graph.com.au/newslocal/city-east/residents-near-botany-industrial-park-and-port-botany-fear-safety/story-fngr8h22-1226679727083 &038 A gt , pp. 7-8.United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ,Consumerdegree Fahrenheitactsheet on Hexach lorobenzene, viewed 5 June 2015.1Yujiang Pu ( Steven ) 35104

Ink and Paper Communication Essay

People say that the art of garner writing is dead. But my idea of heaven is writing a letter to a dear mate in a far out-of-door town, a none to my cousin saying thankyou for the dinner we had this weekend, a fan letter to the hold openr whose history I read and admired. I love to write something, be it a short story, a poem, a serious article or only when garner. It is so sorcerous to gather the right words and put them in concert on the paperI write a couple of letters a day, and suffer from bouts of guilt, thinking I may perhaps be over burdening my friends and relatives with my pen material. earn have been very important in my life, those that I have indite and received. I have treasured the matchlesss which atomic number 18 very dear to me, to read them again and again reveling in the magical spell they cast on me every beat unfolding something new.It was a hobby that started from my childhood, when I wrote letters to my school friends, teachers, relatives and strangers as well. I std lX, when utterly half the nation was consumed by the passion of acting, I too was one of them. I wrote my basic fan letter to the great Amitabh Bachchan and received from him a typed react and his autographed photograph. His letter, the special handmade greeting card, and the letters written by my friends are the most treasured possession.Recently when I revealed my letter writing habbit to my friend, I was told, but my dear, no one writes letters any longer Wheres the time? Agreed I retire people who neer write letters for whom its just a waste of time. How easy it is to background for the telephone type a few digits and talk to person miles away from you no pondering over thoughts no addressing of envelopes and no waiting for response. No discredit, the telephone is more efficient and instant but I doubt whether it is, on the whole as effective as a letter.Letters have a certain power, your heartbeat ticks rhythmically with every comma butterfly an d a full stop you can preserve a letter , read it study it, carry it around like a treasured possession. It is not momentary as a telephone call, quickly nock and quickly forgotten.As I have grown over years, I have matured and hopefully become wiser. I have intentional to think twice before dropping a letter written in a melancholic mood. I have regretted it because by the time the letter is received the gloominess is banished and then one is left uneasily thinking about the reaction at the other end.There were moments when backwardness led me to writing letters. I would have never been able to make friends with strangers had I not been a keen writer. I cannot dream of duty up a writer, actor, painter whose work I admire, until and unless I know them personally. But without hesitation I write them letters of appreciation, and if my letter is welcomed, it is answered and if not, Ive got nothing to lose. Its funny but Ive maintained friendships solely by dint of letters that m ay, I fear, break if there is a sheath to face encounter.So keep in touch. The pen and paper you use does not matter the voice coming from the heart does. The next time when you write a letter notice for a second the magical stress that your pen plays on your paper , the rhythm of the flow of your thoughts, like the first raindrops touching the mother earth. You feel as if you are actually sit down in front of the other person reading out thoughts, assemblage thoughts, coloring them with ink and presenting them paper to loved ones.. anxiously waiting for the reply. Letters have their special brand of magic.

Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay

This lot has assessed the creation acquainting of the Tema crude Refinery. The analytical attack adopt for the mint involves both the computation of cap efficacy strengths and cogency uses. The might strengths showed that the refinery is non efficacious in footings of its capacity demand from 2000 to 2011 as it sightly yearbook naught strength of 0.07KOE per kibibyte KOE of rough petroleum refined is much higher as comp atomic number 18d to others with 0.05KOE per atomic number 19 KOE of rough petroleum refined and therefore distressing popular initiation in footings of energy aspiration. The consequences in addition indicated that, TOR s mental object use rate fell between 14.26 % and 69.95 % which is depressive disorderly as comp bed to the general benchmark competency use rate of 85 % and indeed, carrying out under knocked show up(p)looks. The survey besides examined managerial attitudes that influence the refinery s worldly concern monstrance. T he result revea conduct that incommensurate system care, deficiency of attachment to unsmooth flexibility demand and government indemnity of subsidization has impacted negatively on the public demo the refinery. condition COUNT 4,089PRESENTED TO Dr Xiaoyi MuCONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISMI, the undersigned, surr depoter read the Code of Practice sing piracy contained in the Students Introductory Handbook. I realise that this Code g everywherens the mode in which the Centre for get-up-and-go, petroleum color and Mineral Law and Policy respects and treats the contract of plagiarism. I have understood the Code and in peculiar I am cognizant of the effects, which may follow if I breach that codification. I besides authorise the Centre to scan the e-copy of my research paper through with(predicate) the Plagiarism Detection Software to observe plagiarismSIGNED ____________________________Date put back OF CONTENTaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa incline OF ABREVIATIONSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa reheel OF TABLESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaList OF FIGURESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..INTRODUCTIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BACKGROUNDaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2.1 Global Refineries and Refiningaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..2.2 State of Tema crude crude Refinery in gold coast ( TOR ) aaaaaaaaaa..2.3 Theoretical Frameworkaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.0 ANALYSIS AND ra disappointmentery OF FINDINGSaaaaaaaaaaaa .3. 1 Technological opinion ( TA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.10 potentiality usanceaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.11 postcode frenzyaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.2 Managerial Assessment ( MA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.20 sustentation Cultureaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.21 Government Policy of Subsidyaaaaaaaaaaaaa4.0 CONCLUSIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BIBLIGRAPHYaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa List OF ABREVIATIONSTA Technological AssessmentTOR Tema Oil RefineryIOC International Oil gildNOC discipline Oil CompanyBSPD Barrels Per DayRFCC correspondence Fluid catalytic CrackerCDU bare-assed Dist faintation building blockKOE Kilotonnes of O il EquivalenceLPG melted fossil crude oil colour GasCU ability recitationEI ability strong suitCRP Paraguana Refinery ComplexGHAIP Ghana Italian Petroleum CompanyATK zephyr Turbine KeroseneOMC Oil Marketing CompanyList OF TABLES s give notice back 1 Crude Oil Input and Petroleum Output ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aaa.. elude 2 Petroleum Product Production and moment ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011a..Table 3 Tema Oil Refinery Energy Demand Analysisaaaaaaaaa .Table 4 Tema Oil Refinery Summary Characteristicsaaaaaaaa..List OF FIGURES bit 1 Tendency in Crude Oil Input And Petroleum Output ( 2009-2011 ) aaaaaaaa..Figure 2 Tendency of Domestic Refinery Supply ( Output ) and Imported Quantity Of Petroleum Products ( 2000-2011 ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1.0 IntroductionCrude oil color in its natural province has no cling to until it is transformed into merchandises such(prenominal) as heating oil, Gasoline, Gasoil and other crude oil merchandises. 1 Therefore to refiner, the order of petroleum is nil other than the note value of merchandises derived from it. 2 Globally, the capacity of refineries continues to increase as they expand. In the pre-war epoch, refinement was considered to be in its aureate age as they were profitable to firing. However, the hereafter promises to transfer new challenges and a competitory displacement that require new accomplishments and capacities to win. Refineries own by International Oil Companies ( IOCs ) most at times work out expeditiously than National Oil Companies ( NOC ) as these IOCs are involve in multiple activities. 3 IOCs are able to understate the short-term rotary effects of rough oil financial value and uncertainnesss of the market due(p) to the integrating of Refining and Exploration activities. However, NOCs and other independent refiners are unguarded as they are exposed to the hazard of monetary value volatility. 4 On African refineries in general, De Gouvello et al reported that however 7 of t he breach s operating refineries can be classify as universe graduated table. That is, three in Nigeria, three in southeast Africa and one in Sudan and all other refinement capacities across the part are kettle . 5 The capacity of the Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) can non be exempted from this categorization. TOR incorporated in 1960 as a simple hydro planing works refinery, over the past old ages has been the lone refinery in Ghana with the authorization to beautify rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises to run into the demands of the state. 6 It is required to transport out this authorization in an efficient safe and environmentally friendly mode. It has undergone enormous reconstituting giving it more duties as its capacity additions from 28,000 BSPD to 45,000 BSPD. 7 A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a capacity of 14,000 BSPD has besides been added to the installation to enable it change over low value residue from the Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. It relies on about 80 % of galvanizing power generated internally and the staying 20 % from the national grid. 8 When compared to other refineries in the universe and in Africa, TOR operations are secondary as it has hardly 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic crude oil market. 9 It reapingion degree has been on the diminution for the past 11 old ages given rise to importing of more crude oil merchandises to fulfill domestic demands. It has of late, been sing relentless closures due to dislocations of some equipment. entirely these bear on the end harvest-home of the refinery and therefore considered to be executing ill.This survey assessed the public presentation of TOR for the past 11 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) . It is done to show a clear digest and image of the public presentation of Ghana s lone Refinery in the state. Many research workers have adopted contrary attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Inten sities and Capacity function to gradation the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be overcritical in its judgment, alone limited to that technological efficiency. The survey did it appraisal utilizing both Technological Assessment Tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation and Managerial Assessment Approaches such as care civilization, treaty with the petroleum flexible demands of the refinery and authorities policy of subsidization of crude oil merchandises.This survey is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background, the province of TOR and the theoretical model are captured in chapter both. Chapter three contained the analysis and treatments of the consequences. Chapter four is the cerebrate chapter.Background2.1 Global Refineries and PolishingThe refinement procedure is important to the crude oil value concatenation because petroleum oil has no value until it is transformed i nto cogitate crude oil merchandises. Refining of petroleum oil started every import early as 1861 in the United State of America. 10 The first gear refinery was opened 1861 to bring forth kerosine for illuming and warming. 11 Technological promotion take to the innovation of car and Electric illuming systems and shifted the procedure from kerosine to motor fuels primarily Gasoline. 12 Polishing engineering continues to increase and as a consequence led to the de except of the Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracker in 1913 and mid-1930 severally. 13 Since so, the figure of runing refineries on planetary footing has non increase significantly. However, polishing capacity continues to spread out and germinate as major expansionary plants are carried out on the bing 1s. The largest refinery in word is the Paraguana Refinery Complex ( CRP ) located in Amuay and Cardon Venezuela with a refinement capacity of 940,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 14 besides sometimes the confidence I ndustries I and II located next each other in Jamnagar India are combined, doing it the largest individual refinement composite in the universe with a capacity of 1,240,000 barrel per twenty-four hours ( Reliance In. I, 660,000 and Reliance In. II, 580,000 ) .However, ExxonMobile Corporation is ranked as the universe s prima refiner with a refinement capacity of 5,797,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 15 Most refineries on the African stainless operate under smaller capacities. Merely a few are considered to be of universe criterion. Harmonizing to BP Statistical Review Energy Survey 2012, Africa had a 2011 refinery capacity of approximately 3.56 % of the universe sum. Skikda Refinery in Algeria is the largest in African with a capacity of 300,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Ras Lanuf works in Libya. 16 The behavior-Harcourt Refineries I and II situated in Nigeria are the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a entire capacity of 210,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, fo llowed by Shell/BP Sapref Refinery located in Durban with a capacity of 165,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 17 The Tema Oil Refinery is the lone Refinery in Ghana charged with the profession of polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises for national ingestion.2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR )The Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) was earlier known as the Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ( GHAIP ) especial(a) incorporated in 1960 but started operation in 1963 as a merely hydro planing refinery works. 18 The authorities of Ghana, by common understanding with ENI-Nazionie Intercarboni bought legality retention, therefore given it ( authorities ) hundred % ownership of the company. 19 As a state-owned refinery, the name changed from GHAIP to Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) in 1990.TOR started with an initial refinement capacity of 28,000BSPD, but as a national plus, a Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) was installed in 1997 increasing it capacity to 45,000BSPD. 20 A Res idual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a processing capacity of 14,000BSPD was besides added in 2002 to enable the refinery convert low value residue from the CDU to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. 21 TOR was tendencyionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum. However, the invariably lifting of rough oil monetary values made explosive charge to intermix diametrical petroleums as a manner of optimizing its borders. Assorted light and sweet petroleums such as Brass, River, Forcados and Palanca are import from neighboring states such as Nigeria, Equatorial, Guinea, Cameroon Gabon and Angola for refinement. 22 The end produces of TOR include Diesel, Petrol, LPG, Aviation Turbine Kerosene ( ATK ) , Naphtha, Premix and Residual fuel. 23 The nucleus concern of TOR is to sum refined crude oil merchandises for the domestic market. But it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic market. 24 The refinery depended entirely on imp orted petroleum for it end product until 2010 when it received some rough oil from domestic production. The inability of TOR to bring forth to petroleum merchandises for the full domestic demands of the state has created the demand for importing of refined merchandises into the domestic market and the lifting degrees of these imports have raised concerns among the Ghanese populace. Table 1 provides informations on the measures of rough oil input and crude oil end product of the refinery from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 depicts the Trend in rough oil input and crude oil end product for the same period.YearCrude inputPetroleum End product20001,131.81,028.420011,262.91,070.020021,179.41,155.520031,406.21,351.720041,813.51,604.120051,645.51,540.82006962.2891.220071,242.51,195.020081,396.71,221.52009441.4327.12010902.5946.420111,242.9957.7Table 1 Crude OIL insert AND OUTPUT ( Kilotonnes ) FOR TOR ( 2000-2011 ) author National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 25 FIG. 1 burn IN CRUDE OIL INPUT A ND petroleum OUTPUT ( 2009-2011 )Beginning Concept of the WriterFrom Table 1, it can be seen that, the twelvemonth by twelvemonth petroleum input exceeded the crude oil end product produced. This is due to losingss incurred during refinement. It is besides observed that 2006, 2009 and 2010 recorded a much pass up decreases in both petroleum inputs and crude oil end products with 2009 entryway the worse of it. These are grand of hapless public presentation of the refinery. collectible to this hapless public presentation in 2006, the authorities of Ghana approached two South Korean Companies, SK Corporation and Samsung Corporation to sell a recreate as portion of programs to bring forth US $ 6 zillion for infrastructural development within the refinery. 26 However, the trade did non happen due to respectable challenges the refinery was sing at that clip.Again, Table 2 shows the measure of domestic refinery impart and the measure of imported crude oil merchandises into the state from 2000 to 2011. Figure 2 illustrates the Trend of these measures for the same period.Table 2 Petroleum PRODUCT action AND IMPORT ( Kilotonnes )YearTOTAL REQUIREMENTDOMESTIC REFINRY SUPPLYimport QUANTITYPercentage OF IMPORTED ( % )20001,844.71,028.4816.344.2520011,870.91,070.0800.942.8120021,905.21,155.5749.739.3520031,920.81,351.7569.129.6320042,183.61,604.1579.526.5420052,119.11,540.8578.327.2820062,199.2891.21,308.259.4820072,390.71,195.01,195.750.0120082259.21,221.51,037.745.9320092,088.3327.11,761.284.3420102,536.2946.41,589.862.6820113,066.4957.72,108.768.77Beginning National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011FIG. 2 TREND OF DOMESTIC REFINERY SUPPLY ( OUTPUT ) AND IMPORTED QUANTITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning Concept of the WriterFrom both Table 2 and Figure 2, it is observed that, as domestic refinery supply additions, imports tend to diminish from 2000 up to 2004. However, this relationship reverted. From 2005 to 2011, the portion of crude oil imports has bee n on the addition travel from 578.3 kilotonnes in to 2005 to every bit high as 2,108.7 kilotonnes in 2011 part that of domestic refinery supply continues to diminish from 1,540.8 kilotonnes in 2005 to every bit low as 957.7 kilotonnes in 2011.All these deficits are attributable to both Technical inefficiencies and managerial inefficiencies which are discussed into inside informations in the following subdivision of this survey.2.3 Theoretical ModelThe attend of most intellectuals since 1970 has ever been on the Energy Utilisation and effectual counselling of refineries in the developed universe states. Romulo et Al purported that complex refineries can meliorate their energy ingestion through assorted ways such as increased heat interchange between procedure watercourse, thermic change over within and between process units and hotter charge provender between units, employ of more efficient furnace procedures and other smart ways of using raw engineering. 27 Romulo et Al ev aluated the energy efficiency of Brazilian petroleum oil refinement and compared it with the refinement of petroleum oil in US from 1930 to 2008. They reason that, a Brazilian refinery with a capacity of 157,000 barrel per twenty-four hours which undergone modernisation in 2008 cost US $ 1.3 billion and as such effected an addition of 17 % in its capacity. The consequence besides indicated that, the refinery energy ingestion fell from 0.75MBtu to 0.52MBtu per barrel processed and hence addition in complexness reduces the energy consumed in the concluding production procedure. 28 Others contended that there is no individual manner of bill the public presentation of refineries across gore despite the fact that, refinement procedures are energy intensive and exergy analysis appeared to be the most regular tool for assessment. For illustration, Badmus et Al reviewed the public presentation assessment on the refineries in Nigeria utilizing energy strengths for the analysis and conclu de that, the energy ingestion forms of the four refineries are on a lower floor international benchmark in the oil and gas industry. 29 Jesuleye et Al besides contributed to what this survey referred to as Technological Appraisal . 30 They besides evaluated the energy demand of Port Harcourt refinery in Nigeria and its policy deductions through the computation of energy strengths as a manner of decision the one-year energy demand of the refinery. The consequence showed that the animated energy demand per twelvemonth for treating rough oil into crude oil merchandises exceeded, in changing grades the stipulated refinery criterion of 4 barrels of oil akin ( BOE ) per 100 BOE as the grounds revealed a scope between 4.28 BOE and 8.58 BOE per 100 BOE processed. They nevertheless, included a managerial attitude as Turn-Around concern agenda in their analysis which this survey considered to be of import in measuring the public presentation of refineries.Many research workers have ado pted contrary attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in the appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency and therefore classified the attack as Technological Assessment of public presentation.Research workers with their different rational positions evaluated the public presentation of refineries across the universe with the customs of different analytical tools as they exist. One of the most widely recognized and hardheaded tool used is the Solomon Energy Intensity Indicator ( SEII ) . 31 It provides a more realistic contemplation of energy strength of the refinery as it creates elbow room for works by program analysis, considered the different types of terminal merchandises, recognises the fact that production procedures are specific and takes into history the operations of the works.Harmonizing to Nyboer and Rivers 200 2 cited by Jesuleye et Al, this method has been embraced and utilise late by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy saving in Canada in an effort to develop Energy ingestion benchmark usher for conventional crude oil refinement in Canada.For the intent of this survey, the application of SEII could non happen due to the absence of single informations on energy ingestion and the specific activity degrees of the refinery. However, the Energy strengths were calculated based on the concluding energy ingestion of TOR and its overall end product. As indicated by O. A. Jesuleye et Al, the theoretical account has it root from the European Economic Commission Funded initiate titled Energy Master Plan for Rural Development in Nigeria. 32 The Capacity Utilisation of the refinery was besides seed utilizing it end product to guarantee a full assessment of the expert efficiency of the refinery. The survey besides investigated into the managerial facets of the refinery.3.0 ANALYSIS AND DIS CUSSION OF FINDINGSBoth Technological Assessment ( TA ) and Managerial Assessment ( MA ) are carried out on TOR to determine realistic grounds why the refinery is executing so ill.TA centre on the Energy Demand through the finding of yearbook Energy Intensities utilizing Final Energy Consumption method and the annual Capacity Utilisations utilizing the Capacity Utilisation attack.3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA )Energy Intensity ( EI ) = Final Energy Demand aaaaa ( 1 )Crude processedCapacity Utilisation ( CU ) = Output produced X 100aaaaa.. ( 2 )Actual production degreeThe assorted yearly Energy Intensities and Annual Capacity Utilisations from 2000 to 2011 are presented in Table 4 below.Table 3 TEMA OIL REFINERY ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSISYear*Final Energy Demand ( KOE/Yr )*Crude Input ( KOE )*Petroleum End product**Annual Energy Intensities KOE/ yard*Required standard Intensity KOE/ megabyte**Annual Capacity Utilisation %*Benchmark capacity Utilisation %200061.51,131.81,028.40.05 4sodium44.4885200164.11,262.91,070.00.050 atomic number 1146.66852002sodium1,179.41,155.5SodiumSodium50.39852003Sodium1,406.21,351.7SodiumSodium58.94852004Sodium1,813.51,604.1SodiumSodium69.95852005Sodium1,645.51,540.8SodiumSodium67.1985200660.2962.2891.20.063Sodium38.8685200778.41,242.51,195.00.063Sodium52.1185200887.81,396.71,221.50.063Sodium53.2785200944.5441.4327.10.101Sodium14.2685201082.6902.5946.40.092Sodium41.2785201190.31,242.9957.70.073Sodium41.7685Beginning * Datas from National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011** careful values utilizing EI and CU expressionsNA Not AvailableTable 4 TEMA OIL REFINERY SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICSUnit of measurementStatusCapacityBPSD45,000Average ANNUAL CAPACITY UTILISATION**% ( KOE )48.29Average ANNUAL ENERGY chroma**1000Kt/yr0.07Entire LOSSES ESTIMATE*% ( KOE )3-6* Entire Losses judge of 3-6 % is obtained from National Energy Commission, 2011,** Calculated from Table 4.3.1.0 Capacity UtilisationFrom Table 4, the Annual Capacity Utilisation of th e refinery ranged between 14.26 % in 2009 and 69.95 % in 2004. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery has an Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % . This is much cut down as compared to the general benchmark Capacity Utilisation of 85 % in the refinement industry. It shows that the refinery is runing under criterion and hence indicates a hapless public presentation. Losses besides accounted for about 3-6 % of petroleum inputs as indicated in Table 5. These losingss are due to the low capacity and inefficiency of the premium reformist of the refinery.3.1.1 Energy IntensityFrom Table 4, the Annual Energy Intensities of the refinery ranged between 0.050 KOE in 2001 and 0.101 in 2009 per 1000 of petroleum processed. This shows that the refinery was more energy efficiency in its ingestion in 2001 than in 2009. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery besides has an Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07 KOE per 1000. When compared to the Annual Energy Intensity of other refineries crimson with much higher capacities such as Port Harcourt Refinery with a stipulated Intensity of 0.04 KOE per 1000, TOR is inefficient in footings of Energy Consumption. This shows the refinery consumes more energy, even though its end product degrees are falling and therefore indicates hapless public presentation on it portion.From the above Technological Assessment, it clear that the Tema Oil Refinery is executing ill as it produces below capacity, consumes more energy than others and incurred greater per centum of losingss.3.2 Managerial Appraisal3.2.0 Maintenance CultureThere are a figure of program line related issues which impacted negatively on the public presentation of TOR. These included the followers The failure of direction to constantly transport out care on the installation causes universal closing of the refinery. Harmonizing to Odiguri et Al cited by Badmus et Al 2012, the Turn Around Maintenance inspection and repair of refineries in general, is recommended t o be undertaken every 18 or 24 month. 33 This is non done at TOR. Care is merely carried out when a mistake is detected. 34 Even at the point of transporting out care, direction still employ antique industrial practises. This attitude of direction affected the proficient efficiency of the refinery and hence, lowers the end product than expected.A break in H2O supply is yet another ground that consequences in the hapless public presentation of the refinery. TOR dependance entirely on Ghana water system Company Limited for supply of H2O. 35 This beginning nevertheless, is non dependable as the company normally encounter frequent dislocations due its elderly grapevines. 36 Any break in H2O supply to the refinery causes intermittent closure of the refinery and as such, reduces the end product of the refinery at those times.Lack of unanimity to crude flexibleness regulations at TOR besides influences its public presentation. The refinery was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum.However, direction tend to intermix light saturnine petroleum with light and sweet petroleum as manner of increase their net income borders due to the lifting monetary values of light petroleum. 37 This normally affects the operations and efficiency of the refinery, therefore cut pour down its concluding end product.3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyAs a state-owned refinery, the activities of Government can non be excluded from the grounds why TOR performs so ill. Government as the exclusive proprietor of the refinery uses the National Petroleum Authority as a regulative organic body structure to find the monetary values of crude oil merchandises in the state. 38 This organic structure besides has the duty of implementing authorities policy instruments such as revenue enhancements and subsidies at the crude oil subsector degree. To maintain ex-pump monetary values of fuel depression, the authorities to a great extent subsidize ex-refinery monetary values. 39 In 2003 authorities grant on fuel was 29.5 % but increase it to about 39.7 % of the monetary value in 2005. 40 In entire, the authorities spent about US $ 276 million on fuel subsidy entirely by the terminal of 2011. However, these monies are barely recovered by the refinery. Non-payment of measures by Oil Marketing Companies ( OMCs ) besides increases the predicament of TOR. This increases the liability of the refinery and hence reduces its ability to procure rough oil for its operation.Despite the fact that proficient efficiency and Capacity Utilisation are important in finding the public presentation of a refinery, managerial patterns and Government activity are every bit of import in measuring the public presentation of TOR as they give accounts to the causes of these inefficiencies and therefore, supply empirical groundss to the ground why TOR is executing so ill.4.0 DecisionBased on the Analysis and happening on TOR, it is clear that the usage of Energy Intensities and Capac ity Utilisation as indicated by other research workers are of import considerations in measuring the public presentation of refineries. But managerial patterns such as care civilization, conformity with care ordinances, conformity with rough flexibleness demand and Government policies proved to be powerful in refinery public presentation and as such must be considered by future surveies. The survey showed that Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisation find the Technical Efficiency of the refinery. From the survey, the energy ingestion of TOR is non efficient as compared to others. Besides, TOR losingss are due to proficient inefficiencies and managerial inaccuracies. It Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07KOE/1000 is hapless as others have Average Annual Energy of 0.05KOE/1000. Besides, the Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % is far below the criterion bench grade of 85 % . There is besides unequal system care at TOR which has impacted negatively on its public present ation. From the survey it is apparent that, non-payment of subsidy measures by authorities affected it ability to procure rough oil for its operations and therefore cut downing its end product. These hence suggest that, the Tema Oil Refinery is so executing ill due to Technical and Managerial challenges at the installation.

S.I.P sample

As of the mosquito, citronella idler really repel it, and it is promptly proven by scientists. But as of the ants and the flies, we atomic number 18 trying to work on a simple experiment in which it can repel or shoot them.Objectives 1 . ) We used our classroom as the scenario, and as we all know, there argon many ants, flies and mosquitoes in it. And we cant concentrate in what we are doing because of them. So, we conducted this s. I. P. To make us comfortable in our room without disruptions Just to cancel out mosquitoes, flies and ants. 2. ) We can also use this in our houses, if there are infestations of mosquitoes, ants or flies. 3. This liquid is non smelly as the others are, so you can breathe well even off spraying it. 4. ) Our project only uses complete materials and we dont use Cuffs that can destroy our ozone. Significance Our project might not be the first project to kill mosquitoes, flies and ants, but our only uses constitutive(a) materials which is not common in making project insecticides. We refractory to make this project for us to create our own version of organic insecticides.Our project is important nowadays because almost all of the commodities are now expensive, and we need to use our available resources as an alternative to all. And we chose to create an insecticides. context and limitations alternative of In other insecticides, they can also kill cockroaches and even mice, but we chose not to our members because when we discussed how to conduct the experiment of it, one of suggested that we would be having a hard time catching cockroaches and mice, and weve all agreed to this.

Face Negotiation Theory Essay

The Face Negotiation system is established by Stella Ting-Toomey, which discusses the way by which hatful with antithetic refinements communicate and jazz conflict. In 1985, Stella Ting Toomey explains in her possibility that disagreements and conflicts are usually brought most by identity management on the individualistic and collectivistic levels. The different posets that characterizes the identity of an individual or host is referred to as faces.Faces serves as the universe image of an individual or group, which the society as a social unit assessed depending upon the heathen norms and values of the peoples respective culture. According to Ting-Toomey, the eminence between individualistic and collectivists cultures is seen on how the former gives more than importance to the face of the individual while the latter gives more attention to the welfare of the group (Gudykunst, 2005). The major tenets of the Face Negotiation Theory are greatly relevant with my life, esp ecially since I interact with people that have different ethnical background.I have friends who do not share the same culture that I have and sometimes this is the cause of mis pull inings between us because cultural differences also affect the values and principles that we have in life. However, I recognize that in order to get along with my friends I need to understand and accept our differences and in doing so, I need to properly communicate with them in a way that shows my respect to their values and beliefs, which is actually one of the primary(prenominal) things that is explained in the theory.In relation to this, I also learn that the theory can actually help me to enhance my communication process in the future wherein I could try having a more collectivistic face, which get out allow me to give more importance to the welfare of the group instead than my individual interests. Moreover, I realized that the relevance of the Face Negotiation Theory has become more vital than ever because our society is becoming more interconnected with each other, especially with the greater interaction of different people all over the world. Reference Gudykunst, W. B. (2005). Theorizing about intercultural communication. California SAGE.

Kiswana Browne Essay

She sta red ink at the woman she had been and was to become. Kiswana kisserMother-daughter family relationships ar knotty and diverse. slightly develops and daughters are best paladins, and others talk once a week. Some see each other weekly while others live in different cities or states. Kiswana Browne and her gravel have a relationship corresponding other set abouts and daughters. She only wants the best for her daughter. They whitethorn fuss and they may argue, but they are more alike than they realize. Kiswana Browne, whose real name is Melanie, was innate(p) and raised in an affluent black suburb called Linden Hills. the likes of most people that graduate from high school, Kiswana went on to college to further her education. patch in college, Kiswana was discovering her blackness and protesting for equality amongst black people. She changed her name and tried to come apart an Afro, but her hair was so thin and fine-textured. She had to use lacquer so it would not l ay flat. But before she had the chance to graduate from college, she dropped come in and decided to move to Brewster Place to live with her people. Kiswanas mother unexpectedly came to visit her at her new place. Kiswana is still afraid of her mother despite the fact that she has left her house and rejected her parents way of life. This is shown when she says, Oh, God, its mom She still feels the guilt that all the kids have when they do something against their parents will. Kiswana and he mother was not seeing eye-to-eye. Her mother did not want her to live in the brusque community, but Kiswana has her mind set on universe in that respect with her people. She picks to live in a poor area of town, because she is trying to retaliate from the oppressions of the government and her families standards. In the beginning of the story, she sees her mother as distant and different. She believes that her mother is a sell out to her African heritage. Her mother assures her that she and Kiswanas fuck off are as concerned about the poor as very much as she is. She also explains that they do not have to live in Brewster Place to prove themselves to anyone. She cautions Kiswana that the long-awaited revolution will not materialize because night club has moved to another phase. Instead, she suggests Kiswana to work within the system by becoming an assemblywoman or a civil liberties lawyer or by source a freedom school in the neighborhood. She provides Kiswana with various ways of utilize her talents instead of allowing them to waste away in dead-end jobs.As Kiswana and her mother continue to argue about her new life in the poor area of town, it confirmsall of Kiswanas expectations of her mothers disapproval. When her mother tells her she lives in a world of fantasy, Kiswana says that she is proud of her heritage and accuses her mother of being a white mans nigger whos ashamed of being black. Her mother then became angry with Kiswana and started to tell her about her family history. even after her mother explains her beliefs and concerns about her family, Kiswana begins to see the similarities between herself and her mother. After Mrs. Browne gave Kiswana a lesson about her family, she took off her shoe because they were hurting her feet. Bright red nail polish glared at Kiswana finished the stockings. Her mother never rattling wore nail polish, but her husband talked her into. In the beginning of the story, Kiswana talked about how her friend was a foot man and how often she changed the color of her polish. Kiswana then thought, Ill be damned the young woman thought, feeling her whole font tingle. Daddys into feet And she looked at the blushing woman on her lay and suddenly realized that her mother had trod through the same universe that she herself was without delay traveling. Kiswana was breaking no new trails and would eventually end up clean two feet away on that couch. She stared at the woman she had been and was to become. She learns that she is more like her mother than she ever imagined. Mothers and daughters go through situations similar to this a lot. The squirt thinks that they know everything, and things are to be done their way. They are not of all time right. Some individuals think that their parents are always against them and that they do not bang about what they are doing in their life, but most of the time they are wrong. Some individuals also think that their parents have not gone through the things that they are going through, but some parents do. There is a state The apple does not fall far from the tree and the likes of Mother, Like Daughter. More than likely, you will act somewhat like your mother or father you may also go through things that they went through. You never know.

Most Children Are Sexually Assaulted By Strangers Essay

Societies be afflicted with the trauma of baby bird abuse where the fear increases when the wrongdoer stands and laughs amongst the families of the small fry. It is said that children are not to be allowed to communicate with either strangers as these can be the abusers, this is just a myth. The following paper will attempt to prove that most of the children are abused by the hoi polloi they already know. Introduction It is a well-known fact that child knowledgeable abuse is a daily recurrence and the numbers and statistics that are presented are not the true depicters of reality of child abuse as thither are many possibilitys that go unreported (Bolen, 2001, p. 78).Many myths are associated with child abuse blurring the reality of child abuse. One of the most valuable myths that elude the issue of child abuse relates to strangers being held as frequent child abusers. Many authentic statistical figures prove otherwise. It has been generally highlighted that children should be watched for any communication and contacts with the strangers as most often the strangers are involved in abusing children sexually. Figures have highlighted that more than 85% of the children are sexually abused by the tribe they know and these usually include family members, fathers, family friends, and neighbors.These people being finisher to the families and thus, the children, are more aware of the psychologies of the children that are exploited to approach the children in unethical ways (Cossins, 2000, p. 34). It is important to note that sex offenders look for a hazard and an opportunity to abuse children. Strangers do not have the chance to explore the psychologies of the children as it is generally seen that children generally do not brusk up too well with the strangers as compared to the affections that they share with people they know.These affections propose it much easier for the offenders to control the children before and after abuse (Richardson, and Bacon, 200 3, p. 49). A report card was carried out in three American states and it was found that more than 96% of children abused were on a lower floor the age of 12 and were abused by the people they knew. The study has divided the children in two main categories, boys and girls. In case of boys under the age of 12, the study highlighted the percentages of offenders.Only 4% of the offenders were strangers, 20% of the offenders were fathers, 17% were family members and relatives while the rest of 50% offenders belonged to the category of friends. In the case of girls under the age of 12, 12% were abused by the family members, 33% were found to be abused by the strangers and 55% were offended by acquaintances (Itzin, 2000, p, 67). Another important fact that has been highlighted by the studies indicates the development of a relationship between the dupe and abuser, and these relationships continue for an average of four years.Moreover, offenders and potential child abusers develop a relatio nship with the children and in some cases with the families of the children, in order to be acquaintances with the stub children (Bolen, 2001, p. 40). Boston Globe published a report in 2000 that highlighted the findings of a group of psychologists treating sex offenders. It was mentioned that the case of child abuse by the strangers is really rare still parents more often focus on strangers as the potential danger for their child while the threat comes from the families and even spouses.A report has been published by National Society for the Prevention of pitilessness to kidren in 2005 highlighting the dimensions and percentages of child abusers. The report indicated that 94% of abused children knew the abusers, 59% of the abusers were from the families, 35% of the abusers were acquaintances, only 3% were complete strangers, and on an average 22% of the children, boys and girls were abused by their fathers (Cossins, 2000, p. 89). Conclusion There is a need to hit that people fr om within the families are much more on a chance to be the offenders as compared to the strangers.Parents need to look inside their houses for offenders quite an than looking on the roads and in parks for the potential dangers. References Bolen, M. R. (2001). tyke sexual abuse its scope and our failure. Springer. Cossins, A. (2000). Masculinities, sexualities, and child sexual abuse. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Itzin, C. (2000). Home truths about child sexual abuse a reader. Routledge. Richardson, S. , and Bacon, H. (2003). Creative Response to Child Sexual Abuse Challenges and Dilemmas. Edition 2. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Mandatory Marriage Counseling

America is continuously plagued by part at an frightful rate destroying the basic structure of our lodge, which is the family. The trend is ever increasing and a growing problem in Ameri tr adenosine monophosphate cultivation. Divorce rate kept rising since 1920s with 13.4 per 100 trade unions to 32.8 per 100 marriages in 1988. Today, studies have shown that 50% of first marriages in the linked States fail. In 1940, the National Center for health Statistics recorded 264,000 divorces and annulments and reached 1,182,000 in 1990.On the other hand, the National Survey of Families and Household cited that 84 percent of separated women would seek divorce after three longsighted time of marriage and 91 percent after five years of marriage. almost studies find the divorce rate for second marriages is as much as 10 percent higher than for first-timers. The chance of acquire divorced carcass so high that it makes sense for wholly told wed couples including those who are so on satisfied with their relationship to put extra effort into their marriages to keep them strong. (Gottman & adenine Silver 4).The effectuate of divorce are most severe among women and in particular to children who may develop psychological problems leading to juvenile delinquency. Economically open to their husbands and fathers, these women and children are forced to go on welfare and practically left-hand(a) homeless.Realizing this serious problem, state governments are now initiating measures to save marriages from deteriorating and protect families from interruption apart by decreeing truths of needed marriage counseling prior to getting a marriage license in hope of preventing more divorces. I favor such law that would educate couples about the seriousness of marriage and the necessity to keeplong inscription. Critics oppose this early intervention because it is just a waste of time and money or that counseling does not work.More often in marriage expectations ar e in contrast with realities resulting to various conflicts. It is highly important therefore that would be married couples completely comprehend what they are up against, know the challenges that they may encounter, and learn how to deal with uncertainties. When Louisiana passed the law in 1997, Steven L. Nock conducted a five-year empirical study about the consequences of prenuptial counseling. In the report entitled Can Louisianas plight conglutination Law Solve Americas Divorce difficulty?, 81% of the 521 married couples believed that obligatory counseling was very important.Their overall married quality was better compared to those who did not take premarital counseling. In addition, their levels of commitment and agreement were higher. They experienced fewer worries and have greater sharing of mansion chores.The Evil of Divorce. To clearly discuss the merits of mandatory marriage counseling, I savour the urge to talk about the evils of divorce so that one can truly appr eciate the benefits of counseling in the preservation of marriage. Each year, many 1.2 jillion children plough products of divorced parents. Their normal childhood experiences are discontinue and filled with all sorts of stress. Many of them carry physical and emotional suffering throughout their adulthood and may commit the same mistakes as their parents did. It is a chain reaction that affects family and our society.Children increase in angiotensin-converting enzyme-parent families are more plausibly to drop out of high tame, have lower grades and attendance epoch in school, and are less likely to attend and graduate from college than children raised in two-parent families. They are more likely to be out of school and unemployed and are also more likely to become single parents themselves, than children raised in two-parent families. Studies have found that, compared to children in two-parent families, children of divorce story lower on measures of self-concept, social competence, conduct, psychological adjustment and long-term health. (Bramlett & Mosher 4).Furthermore, they commit crimes, exhibit suicidal tendency, hook in il licit drugs, and become victims of abuse. They have turned into unproductive members of American society. The government spends almost $cl billion annually trying to subsidize single-parent families. However, only $150 million a year is devoted to programs that corroborate marriages. Most marriages end in divorce because of poor communications, financial problems, lack of commitment, infidelity, failed expectations, and physical, emotional or intimate abuse.As an institution, the government has the obligation to protect and restore the integrity of marriage. Thus mandatory marriage counseling is one of the best ways to teach couples the sizeableness and true meaning of lifelong commitment. To rebuild the traditions of family life, the government in all levels must have the pull up stakes to act to safeguard the sanctit y of marriage.The Benefits of coupling Counseling. The principal aim of marital counseling is to help couples stay together. matrimonial education immunizes couples against disappointment and despairit also prevents the development of problems that are costly to children and all of society. Mismanaged conflict predicts both marital distress and negative effects on childrens physical and mental health. (Leslie par. 21). Preparation before marriage is critical to the success of family life. Mandatory counseling will help couples strengthen their relationship, turn in, intimacy, and commitment. It will enhance their communication skills and manage conflicts with the right attitude.This process will also evaluate the views and determination of the couples whether they are ready and compatible for marriage at the same time identify possible setbacks and weaknesses to better tally themselves in overcoming future challenges. Having a better view of marriage with its legal and natural obligations, couples will have a better chance to live a healthier marriage.Through counseling, couples will have informed decisions to enrich their married life. A well-planned marriage is the key to combat divorce. More often wad get married only to discover the true character of their mate and it is already too late to retreat. With mandatory counseling, couples will have the fortune to know each other sincerely and have the chance to lodge and resolve their problems and apprehensions before living together for a very long time. I suggest that couples seek premarital counseling so that they would full understand and value the meaning of marriage and family.Conclusion. In our modern culture many Americans no longer see the importance of marriage. They look at marriage as a private contract rather than a lifelong commitment. One can easily obtain divorce by simply writing irreconcilable differences. They forget that marriage has special obligations 1) to love and respect each o ther (2) to live together (3) to make decisions relating to family life in the best interest of the family (4) to maintain and teach their children in union with their capacities, natural inclinations, and aspirations and (5) the right and duty of each spouse to manage the household. (Spaht 469).Marriage is a social institution and the foundation of every family. As a chaste fiber of American society, families must be protected by all means. It is the duty of all citizens. However, the government must take steps to enact laws in preserving family values as well as formulate and ornament in social programs that strengthen marriages.Counseling is a helpful tool in rescuing marriages. That is why I advocate for the passage of bills that would require couples to attend mandatory marriage counseling before they can obtain their license so that they be educated on the responsibilities and commitment they have to render to society and their families. Should it be necessary, the rules on divorce must be strict and that no-fault divorce must end.The government must set goals to reduce divorce and beseech on its risks. Community-based marriage programs are advantageous to assist couples in getting married and monitor those marriages that are endangered. In this way, any problem would be resolved immediately. By saving marriages, we save our families.ReferencesGottman, John and Silver, Nan. The Seven Principles for devising Marriage Work A Practical Guide from the Countrys Foremost alliance Expert. Three Rivers Press, New York. 16 May 2000.Bramlett, Matthew D. Ph.D. and Mosher, William D. Ph.D. Cohabitation, Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage in the United States. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, No. 22. Department of Health and gay Services. July 2002. 10 April 2007 http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_022.pdfLeslie, Mark A. Legislative Efforts to Strengthen Marriage. state-supported Law Research Institute. University of California Hastings Colleg e of Law. 2004. 10 April 2007 http//sierra.uchastings.edu/plri/spring98/marriage.htmlSpaht, Katherine Shaw. Covenant Marriage An Achievable Legal Response to the Inherent Nature of Marriage and its motley Goods. Ave Maria Law Review. Vol. 42. 2006. 10 April 2007 http//www.avemarialaw.edu/publications/lawReview/articles/AMLR.v4i2.spaht.final2.pdf

Black Elk Speaks by John G. Neihardt Essay

colored Elk Speaks by John G. Neihardt is the accounting told by an Ogalala Lakota Sioux of his vivification in the latter part of the 19th carbon. Yet Black Elk is indisposed(p) to tell his story because he does not separeat himself from both life, my friend, I am going to tell you the story of my life, It is the story of all life that is holy and practiced to tell (Neihardt 1).Within the Lakota thither is a sense of friendship that is both unobjectionable and refreshing. For Black Elk the federation includes all life, of us two-leggeds sharing it with the four-leggeds and the wings of the circulate and all green things for these are the children of champion mother and their paternity is 1 constitution (Neihardt 9). The residential area was the earth and everything that lived on it and the outstanding spirit above.Prior to the arrival of the Waischus, the Ameri female genitalias despicable from the east, the Lakota life seems idyllic, once we were happy in our ow n country and we were seldom hungry, for indeed the two-leggeds and the four-leggeds lived together like relatives, and there was throne for them and for us (Neihardt 9).Contrast this universal community with that in O Pioneers by Willa Cather. The community of the pioneers in Nebraska was much to a greater extent than tightly focused into increasingly little groups the community, the neighbors, the family and the individual. This smallness of community did not learn to a community of satisfied concourse sharing a life together. Instead, it seemed to perish to a desire to compete for to a greater extent and more impose. Yet, when they had worked hard for their land, they didnt watch happiness, they werent satisfied, they good cute more.When deal begin to talk about Alexandrias friend Carl who was staying with her and people are say that Alexandria is going to give him her coin. Her brothers are angry, they had aforethought(ip) that Alexandria would leave her property to her nieces and nephews. Give him? Lou shouted. Our property, our homestead? (Cather 142). It wasnt their land but they precious it, they wanted if for the money it would make, not because their money and property had made them happy, for it hadnt, but just because they didnt want someone else to bedevil it (Cather 140-147).The Lakota did not own property, but they were happy. They lived with it. They took what they needful and left the rest.Despite the prominence of the community in Black Elk Speaks, there is an acceptance of what is different. When Black Elk told his father of his vision, his father accepted it immediately and began service him develop his power. Contrast this with the treatment of pallid Ivar in O Pioneers. Crazy Ivar was a man who chose to live alone in a sod house, wore no shoes, ate no meat and spent his clock reading his Norwegian Bible or building a pond where migrating birds could rest. mint were afraid of Crazy Ivar because he was different. They w ere stir of him and wanted to put him in an founding (Cather 84-5).Unlike the Lakota, the Waischus wanted to acquire land and they fought to change it and mold it into the way they wanted it to be. Alexandria, in O Pioneers is an admirable woman. She is strong, courageous, and self-sufficient. Alexandria was in many ways the ideal American pioneer who worked hard and gained her fortune. Even nowadays the American public is much more likely to admire a successful millionaire than they are a man who leads a simple life and is happy.Despite this attitude, the fast life of the hardworking American straightaway seems to lead to anger, road rage, and frustration. The damage that has been make to the planet in the last century will take years to repair, if it can ever be done. Given these things, one wonders if the Waischus chose the right path.Works CitedNeihardt, John G. Black Elk Speaks. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1932. Cather, Willa. O Pioneers. Los Angeles LRS, 1 997.